Fugitive emissions opacity determination using the digital opacity compliance system (DOCS)

Maintenance of Department of Defense (DoD) weapon systems, conducting battlefield training exercises as well as meeting military construction and/or demolition schedules, invariably generate fugitive air emissions, many of which are visible. Although there is no codified federal method for quantifying fugitive emissions opacity, many state and local air regulatory agencies have instituted enforceable fugitive emission opacity standards at DoD facilities. The current study focused on comparing the performance of the digital opacity compliance system (DOCS) with U.S. Environment Protection Agency Method 9 (Method 9) certified human observers in quantifying the visible opacity associated with fugitive emissions produced using a commercial fog generator. By systematically repositioning both DOCS cameras and Method 9-certified observers during field testing, differences in method performance as a function of observational locations were documented. At both the 30- and 300-ft off-set distances, opacity levels reported by the DOCS technology and Method 9-certified smoke readers were found to be statistically different at the 99% confidence level. Alternatively, at the 90- and 150-ft off-set distances, results suggested that there was an insignificant difference at the 99% confidence level between the two methods. Comparing the magnitude of the each method's standard deviation suggested that, at the 30-ft off-set distance, the DOCS technology was consistently more precise than Method 9-certified readers regardless of the observer's downwind distance. However, at the 90, 150, and 300-ft off-set distances, method precision seemed to vary as a function of both off-set and downwind distance. The primary factor affecting the consistency in opacity measurements appeared to be the impact of ground-level air turbulence on fog plume dispersion and transport. Field observations demonstrated that localized wind shear played a critical and decisive role in how and to what extent fugitive emissions opacity could be determined, regardless of the method selected.     

Effect of pre-treatment and supporting media on Ni(II), Cu(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) sorption by plant root material

In this work Paspalum notatum root material was used to elucidate the influence of acid leaching pre-treatment and of sorption medium on metal adsorption. Ground P. notatum root was leached with 0.14M HNO(3). Leached root material (LRM) and non-leached root material (NLRM) were employed to flow sorption of Ni(II), Cu(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) in 0.5M CH(3)COONH(4) medium at pH 6.5. For LRM the sorption was also studied in 0.5M KNO(3) medium. The acid pre-treatment increased the sorption capacity (SC) for all ions studied. For the KNO(3) medium, Cu(II) and Fe(III) sorption was higher than in CH(3)COONH(4) and the type of the Ni(II) isotherm's model changed. The Freundlich model was the most representative isotherm model to describe metallic ions sorption. The (1)H NMR spectra showed differences between LRM and NLRM and the acid-basic potentiometric titration elucidated that acid-leaching procedure affected the root material sorption sites once only two predominant sorption sites were found for LRM (phenolic and amine, both able cations sorption) and five sorption sites (two carboxylic, amine and two phenolic) were founded for NLRM.     

A two-generational reproductive toxicity study of zinc in rats

A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of zinc chloride (ZnCl(2)) was conducted in rats. F(o) male and female rats were administered 0.00 (control), 7.50 (low), 15.00 (mid) and 30.00 (high) mg/kg/day of ZnCl(2). Selected F(1) male and female rats were exposed to the same doses received by their parents (F(o)). Exposure of F(0) parental rats to ZnCl(2) showed significant reduction in fertility, viability (days 0 and 4), and the body weight of F(1) pups from the high-dose group but caused no effects on litter size, weaning index, and sex ratio. Similarly, the continued exposure of F(1) parental rats to ZnCl(2) also reduced fertility, liter size, viability (day 0), and the body weight of F(2) pups within the high-dose group but caused no effects on weaning index and sex ratio. Exposure of ZnCl(2) to F(0) and F(1) parental males resulted in a significant reduction in their body weights, and the F(0) and F(1) parental females did not show any significant difference in their body weights compared to their control groups. However, the postpartum dam weights of both F(0) and F(1) female rats were significantly reduced compared to their controls. Exposure of ZnCl(2) to F(o) and F(1) generation parental rats did not produce any significant change of their clinical signs as well as their clinical pathology parameters, except the alkaline phosphotase (ALK) level, which showed an upward trend in both sexes of both generations. Exposure of ZnCl(2) to F(0) rats resulted in a reduction of brain, liver, kidney, spleen and seminal vesicles weights of males and in the spleen and uterus of females. Similarly, exposure of F(1) rats to ZnCl(2) also resulted in reduction of brain, liver, kidney, adrenal, spleen, prostate and seminal vesicles weights of males and in spleen and uterus of females. ZnCl(2) exposure resulted in grossly observed gastro-intestianla (GI) tract, lymphoreticular/hematopoietic, and reproductive tract lesions in parental rats in both generations. Reduced body fat was also recorded in F(1) parental rats.     

Source apportionment of fine particles in Tennessee using a source-oriented model

Source apportionment of fine particles (PM2.5, particulate matter < 2 microm in aerodynamic diameter) is important to identify the source categories that are responsible for the concentrations observed at a particular receptor. Although receptor models have been used to do source apportionment, they do not fully take into account the chemical reactions (including photochemical reactions) involved in the formation of secondary fine particles. Secondary fine particles are formed from photochemical and other reactions involving precursor gases, such as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. This paper presents the results of modeling work aimed at developing a source apportionment of primary and secondary PM2.5. On-road mobile source and point source inventories for the state of Tennessee were estimated and compiled. The national emissions inventory for the year 1999 was used for the other states. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Models3/Community Multi-Scale Air Quality modeling system was used for the photochemical/secondary particulate matter modeling. The modeling domain consisted of a nested 36-12-4-km domain. The 4-km domain covered the entire state of Tennessee. The episode chosen for the modeling runs was August 29 to September 9, 1999. This paper presents the approach used and the results from the modeling and attempts to quantify the contribution of major source categories, such as the on-road mobile sources (including the fugitive dust component) and coal-fired power plants, to observed PM2.5 concentrations in Tennessee. The results of this work will be helpful in policy issues targeted at designing control strategies to meet the PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards in Tennessee.     

Effect of coumaphos on cholinesterase activity, hematology, and biochemical blood parameters of bovines in tropical regions of Mexico

To assess the effect of coumaphos [O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl) O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate] exposure on physiological responses during bovine production, acetylcolinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities were measured in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma of healthy male steers (Bos Taurus x Bos indicus) sprayed with coumaphos at a non-lethal dose of 1 mg kg(- 1) body weight per day once every 14 (in vivo group) or 21 days (southern and central groups). Coumaphos topically administered at 1 mg/kg body weight per day to cattle under normal management practices in tropical areas produced a significant inhibition in erythrocyte (RBC) AChE and BuAChE activities when compared to baseline levels. RBC-AChE activity for the in vivo group decreased 71.3% (P < 0.05) and BuChE activity 59.1% (P < 0.05); RBC-AChE activity decreased 55.1% (P < 0.05) (southern group) and 43.4% (P < 0.05) (central group). Compared to the control specimens, steers from in vivo, southern, and central groups after 150 days of exposure had lower (P < 0.05) leukocyte count, absolute lymphocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts. Decreases in RBC-AChE activities correlated with decreased lymphocyte (r = 1.000, p = 0.01), erythrocyte (r = 1.000, p = 0.003), and platelet counts (r = 0.841, p = 0.036). Significantly increased BUN levels (P < 0.05) correlated with the decrease in RBC-AChE activities (r = - 0.997, p = 0.047) and with the decrease in absolute red blood cell (r = - 0.883, p = 0.020) and lymphocyte (r = - 0.825, p = 0.043) counts; increased (P < 0.05) total plasma protein levels correlated with the decrease in RBC-AChE activities (r = -0.998, p = 0.043), absolute red blood cell (r = - 0.998, p = 0.040), lymphocyte (r = - 0.893, p = 0.017), and platelet (r = -0.855, p = 0.030) counts. The physiological responses correlated with the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition could be considered as early indicators or warning responses of bovine exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs).     

Variations in PCB concentrations between genders of six warmwater fish species in Lake Logan Martin, Alabama, USA

We collected and analyzed 955 individual fish (six species) for sexual differences in PCB bioaccumulations from a southeastern, USA reservoir. Using 2-way ANCOVAs, we found significant differences in fillet PCB concentrations between sexes for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus). Striped bass (Morone saxatilus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) did not display differences between sexes in PCB concentrations. We suspect that sexual differences may be due to biological differences in reproduction, relative motility and lipid deposition. For one species (striped bass), sexual differences in PCB concentrations were inconsistent with a study in the Hudson River suggesting that sexual differences in bioaccumulations can change across ecosystems. Two species which did show sexual differences, largemouth bass and channel catfish, are often chosen as representative species (e.g., "piscivore" and "benthivore") in contaminant monitoring in many USA states indicating human consumption and risk management decisions would be improved if an equal number of male and female fish were included in composite PCBs analysis. This could reduce variability in fish PCBs data from which consumption advisories are based.     

Assessing dimethoate contamination in temperate and tropical climates: potential use of biomarkers in bioassays with two chironomid species

This study was conducted to investigate the potential use of biomarkers in bioassays with chironomids to assess contamination by pesticides in temperate and tropical climates. Two species of midge were studied, the widespread Chironomus riparius and the tropical Kiefferulus calligaster (Kieffer, 1911). Preliminary studies included investigations of the effects of temperature on larval development and the influence of larval age on normal variability of cholinesterase (ChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and protein content. In the second phase, the influence of two abiotic factors particularly important in tropical conditions (temperature and oxygen concentration) and of the organophosphorous (OP) insecticide dimethoate on biochemical and conventional endpoints was investigated. Results showed that K. calligaster is morphologically and physiologically similar to C. riparius and for both, the time of larval development decreases with the increase of temperature. Moreover, 3rd and 4th instars appeared to be the most suitable for biomarkers determinations. ChE activity seems to be valuable biomarker regarding temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) variations, while some caution should be taken when using GST as an environmental biomarker, since it shows some dependence of these parameters. C. riparius was more sensitive to dimethoate than K. calligaster suggesting that the use of bioassays with the former species in tropical conditions may overestimate the toxicity of OP pesticides to autochthonous species. When testing sub-lethal effects of dimethoate to C. riparius, ChE activity showed to be a very sensitive parameter detecting significant effects at the lowest concentration that caused emergence delay of larvae, suggesting that it is an ecologically relevant parameter.     

Acetylcholinesterase-polyaniline biosensor investigation of organophosphate pesticides in selected organic solvents

The behavior of an amperometric organic-phase biosensor consisting of a gold electrode modified first with a mercaptobenzothiazole self-assembled monolayer, followed by electropolymerization of polyaniline in which acetylcholinesterase as enzyme was immobilized, has been developed and evaluated for organophosphorous pesticide detection. The voltammetric results have shown that the formal potential shifts anodically as the Au/MBT/PANI/AChE/PVAc thick-film biosensor responded to acetylthiocholine substrate addition under anaerobic conditions in selected organic solvent media containing 2% v/v 0.05 M phosphate buffer, 0.1 M KCl (pH 7.2) solution. Detection limits in the order of 0.147 ppb for diazinon and 0.172 ppb for fenthion in acetone-saline phosphate buffer solution, and 0.180 ppb for diazinon and 0.194 ppb for fenthion in ethanol-saline phosphate buffer solution has been achieved.     

短程硝化过程中NO-2-N高效富集的工艺条件实验研究

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺需要提供充足的亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的问题,利用培养基对SBR中具有一定短程硝化功能的污泥进行富集培养,得到氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为104︰1,并研究了工艺条件对短程硝化的影响,结果表明,适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳温度为30℃、pH为7.5、nHCO^-₃/nNH⁺₄-N值为1。以适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳环境条件优化SBR,在进水氨氮浓度为250 mg/L时,氨氮的转化率达到90％以上,亚硝酸盐氮积累率维持在85％以上,反应器中氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为10³∶1,亚硝酸盐的高效积累为厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨废水的过程提供了稳定的电子受体。     

TiO2光催化处理络合铜废水的实验研究

研究了以悬浮态TiO2为催化剂,在紫外光的作用下对络合铜废水进行光催化反应,分别考察了常温下TiO2投加量、反应时间、废水初始pH值、反应气氛等因素对处理效果的影响,并探讨了反应机理。结果表明:TiO2投加量为2 g/L,废水pH=4,300 W高压汞灯照射下,载入60 mL/min的空气反应40 min,120 mg/L EDTA络合铜废水的Cu(II)与COD的去除率达到最高,分别为96.56%和57.67%。