T-RFLP方法分析城市污水处理厂中细菌群落的动态变化

采用基于16SrRNA基因的末端限制性片段长度多态性技术(T-RFLP),分析了功能稳定的2个城市污水处理系统中(系统A及系统B),细菌群落结构在105d中的动态变化.在研究中,系统A和系统B功能稳定,BOD出水浓度均在8mg/L左右,总氮(TN)出水浓度分别在25mg/L和23mg/L之下.T-RFLP图谱分析表明,系统A中,115、118、123、471、482和835bp等T-RFs的相对丰度变化显著,系统B中,123、471、750和835bp等T-RFs的相对丰度变化显著.移动窗口分析表明,系统A中细菌群落的平均变化率Δt(15d)为21.5%±5.7%,系统B的平均变化率Δt(15d)为22.6%±5.0%.洛伦兹曲线分析表明,系统A中20%的微生物的累积相对丰度为43%～50%;系统B中20%的微生物的累积相对丰度为47%～52%.结果表明,在城市污水处理厂中,稳定的功能并没有藕联着稳定的细菌群落结构.     

天津滨海新区环境空气污染特征分析

按时间段对天津滨海新区2006年的S02、N02和PM10监测数据进行统计分析,SO2和PM10时间变化规律呈现典型的单峰型,NO2时间变化规律呈现典型的双峰双谷型.对SO2、NO2和PM10全年时间变化进行了相关性分析并与天津市进行比较.结果表明:滨海新区污染特征有别于天津市整体污染特征.     

声发射检测灵敏度校准声源实验分析

在声发射技术的应用中,传感器的工作频率和灵敏度对AE检测的结果具有决定性的作用,传感器的校准是AE定量研究的基础,也是声发射检测技术研究中的重要课题。根据二级校准的相关要求设计了三个不同声源的实验:落球、断铅和压断毛细玻璃管法。通过重复性实验,测量了不同大小的钢球从不同高度下落;不同粗细、硬度以及不同长度的铅芯的断裂;不同粗细的毛细玻璃管被压断产生的脉冲声源,分别比较以上三个实验在不同状态条件下产生的脉冲声源信号,分析其实时特征和频谱特征(峰值,上升时间),通过计算确定其不确定度和稳定度,总结优化操作方法,同时分析了实验误差。在此基础上得出最适合做声发射传感器灵敏度校准的脉冲声源,为声发射传感器校准中的参考声源提供性能评判的依据。     

基于HAZOP方法的加氢工艺自动化安全控制

加氢工艺是国家安全生产监督管理总局首批重点监管的危险化工工艺之一,需要对其进行自动化安全控制。从反应物料、加氢反应等对加氢工艺过程的危险性进行了初步分析。基于HAZOP方法,以加氢反应器为分析对象,深入探讨了反应温度、压力、氢气流量、惰性气体、冷却水、搅拌等方面出现偏差的原因、后果及安全对策措施,这些偏差包括无、多、少。根据加氢工艺HAZOP分析结果,并且在对大量的涉及加氢工艺的化工企业实际调查研究的基础上,结合众多化工安全专家的实践经验,重点从流量、压力、温度等主要偏差提出了安装流量自动控制控制器、超压报警自动控制、超温报警自动控制、可燃气体浓度检测报警探头、搅拌器电流报警等自动化安全控制方案。     

水上交通事故分析研究进展

为更好地开展水上交通事故分析研究,提高我国水上交通安全水平,从船舶风险评估与事故预测、事故分析以及事故及通航安全数据的组织与数据库建立3个方面对国内外的相关研究进行论述和分析。提出以建立水上交通事故时空数据平台为基础,结合数据挖掘和安全工程的理论方法研究事故发生机理,评估事故风险,并将研究事故模拟再现技术作为事故分析的重要技术手段。     

Collective psychological ownership within the work and organizational context: Construct introduction and elaboration

The construct collective psychological ownership is introduced. Reflecting the psychology of “us” and “ours,” collective psychological ownership emerges through interactive dynamics whereby individuals come to a single and shared mind‐set as it relates to a sense of ownership for a particular object. After providing a conceptual definition for the construct, we turn our attention to a detailed elaboration of the construct, offering comments on its genesis, emergent context, underlying motives, and a discussion of what can and cannot be owned. We also provide a discussion of the dynamics associated with its formation, highlighting the paths down which groups travel that influence the emergence of this psychological state. Next, we turn our attention to the emergence of collective psychological ownership within the organizational and teamwork context paying particular attention to the role of work environment structure. We conclude with a discussion of a set of work‐related attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and stress‐related outcomes that stem from this psychological state. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The regional emergency plan requirement: Application of the best practices to the Brazilian case

The objective of this study is to define new requirements for a Brazilian regional emergency plan based on the best practices used in countries such as the USA, UK, Canada, Japan and Australia. Therefore, the risk analysis methodologies and emergency frameworks used in these countries will be taken into account and a critical analysis will be carried out in order to customize and apply their best practices to Brazilian case. In addition, other issues will be looked at, such as the number of accidents and environmental impact in some areas, related to environmental sensitivity in order to define the environment reliability of the whole system in a specific area. Currently in Brazil resources are not optimized in an emergency offshore plan, rather company has to implement its own emergency plan without any kind of coordination. Despite the existence of some procedures, there are no national or regional frameworks to coordinate emergency plans in Brazil.     

Evaluating safety management and culture interventions to improve safety: Effective intervention strategies

The Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment provided subsidy over the period 2004–2008 to a number of companies to introduce changes aimed at reducing accidents by changing their safety culture and aspects of their safety management. As part of the programme a scientific evaluation was set up to assess the effectiveness of the interventions in 17 of the projects, covering 29 companies. Before and after studies were made of the companies, documenting the state of their safety management and risk control efforts and their accident rates before the intervention, the changes made over the study period and the resulting changes in a range of measures aimed at assessing the success of the changes. The analysis led to a categorisation of the projects according to their degree of success.This paper describes the patterns of interventions distinguishing between successful and not successful projects and discusses the mechanisms lying behind them. Interventions bringing about constructive dialogue between shop-floor and line management, providing motivation to line managers and strengthening the monitoring and learning loops in the safety management system (SM) appeared more successful. The amount of energy and creativity injected by top managers and, above all, by the coordinator (safety professional) appeared also to be a distinguishing factor.     

Dealing with SMEs as a whole in OHS issues: Warnings from empirical evidence

Not surprisingly it has been shown that there are higher accident rates and larger magnitudes in Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) if compared with the case of the larger ones. Some studies suggest that SMEs have serious problems aggravated by limited access to human, economic and technological resources. Moreover, it is now acknowledged that methods developed specifically for Large Enterprises (LEs) cannot be simply transferred to smaller enterprises. Although the debate concerning essentially the size of the enterprises and their corresponding accident rates is ongoing, very little attention is paid to the difference between the Micro- (MiEs), the Small- (SEs), and the Medium-sized Enterprises (MEs). Indeed, in most of the cases, SMEs are bundled together and considered as a whole, in opposition to LEs. In some cases SEs and MEs are studied separately, but only the difference in terms of accident rates is highlighted. Instead, important information in terms of performance and organizational, cultural and economic differences between MiEs, SEs and MEs exist. Within the implementation of the E-merging project (financed by the Italian National Institute for Insurance against Occupational Accidents – INAIL), some differences have been identified on the basis of two existing data sources.