脱色菌腐败希瓦氏菌的分离及其脱色性能研究

从印染废水处理装置中分离到一株高效脱色菌,经鉴定为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens),这是该菌具有高效脱色性能的首次报道。在实验条件下,对该菌的脱色能力进行比较研究,它在合适条件下能有效地去除生产上常用的多种染料,在6h内对活性艳红染料的去除率可达99％～100％。实验中对充氧、温度以及共代谢碳源等因子对该苗的脱色能力的影响进行了研究,为在生产实际中的应用提供了依据。     

Impacts of Alternative Timber Harvest Practices on Leaf-Chewing Herbivores of Oak

Abstract:  Studies of the effects of logging on Lepidoptera rarely address landscape-level effects or effects on larval, leaf-feeding stages. We examined the impacts of uneven-aged and even-aged logging on the abundance, richness, and community structure of leaf-chewing insects of white ( Quercus alba L.) and black ( Q. velutina L.) oak trees remaining in unharvested areas by sampling 3 years before and 7 years after harvest. After harvest, white oaks in uneven-aged sites had 32% fewer species of leaf-chewing insects than control sites. This reduction in species richness may have resulted from changes in microclimate (reducing plant quality and/or changing leaf phenology) that affected a much larger total area of each site than did even-aged cuts. For black oak after harvest, species richness in uneven- and even-aged sites increased relative to levels before harvest. Harvesting did not alter total insect density or community structure in the unlogged habitat for either oak species with one exception: insect density on black oak increased in the oldest forest block. Community structure of herbivores of black and white oaks in clearcut gaps differed from that of oaks in intact areas of even-aged sites. Furthermore, both richness and total insect density of black oaks were reduced in clearcut gaps. We suggest that low-level harvests alter herbivore species richness at the landscape level. Treatment effects were subtle because we sampled untreated areas of logged landscapes, only one harvest had occurred, and large temporal and spatial variation in abundance and richness existed. Although the effects of logging were greater in uneven-aged sites, the effects of even-aged management are likely to increase as harvesting continues.     

废弃重组质粒DNA热处理效率的环境影响因素

为了解环境因素对质粒DNA热处理效率的影响以及热处理过程的有效性和安全性,以pET-28b质粒为材料,采用定量PCR技术结合质粒转化等方法分析了pH、NaCl、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)及EDTA浓度等因素对质粒DNA热处理的影响.结果表明,NaCl、BSA及EDTA的存在对热处理过程中的质粒DNA具有保护作用,且保护作用依次增强.在纯水中热处理30min后的质粒DNA可扩增的片段数仅是在0.1%的EDTA中热处理30min后质粒DNA可扩增片段数目的1.7%.由于生物实验室废水中通常含有上述有机或无机物质,因此,实际热处理过程中质粒DNA的降解半衰期可能远长于先前报道的2.7～4min,残留的转化活性也可能更高,这必须引起我们高度关注.但是,研究结果也表明,酸性条件下的热处理能加速质粒DNA的失活和降解,因此建议热处理过程可在弱酸性条件下完成,以强化其处理效果.     

Use of Large‐Scale Acoustic Monitoring to Assess Anthropogenic Pressures on Orthoptera Communities

Biodiversity monitoring at large spatial and temporal scales is greatly needed in the context of global changes. Although insects are a species‐rich group and are important for ecosystem functioning, they have been largely neglected in conservation studies and policies, mainly due to technical and methodological constraints. Sound detection, a nondestructive method, is easily applied within a citizen‐science framework and could be an interesting solution for insect monitoring. However, it has not yet been tested at a large scale. We assessed the value of a citizen‐science program in which Orthoptera species (Tettigoniidae) were monitored acoustically along roads. We used Bayesian model‐averaging analyses to test whether we could detect widely known patterns of anthropogenic effects on insects, such as the negative effects of urbanization or intensive agriculture on Orthoptera populations and communities. We also examined site‐abundance correlations between years and estimated the biases in species detection to evaluate and improve the protocol. Urbanization and intensive agricultural landscapes negatively affected Orthoptera species richness, diversity, and abundance. This finding is consistent with results of previous studies of Orthoptera, vertebrates, carabids, and butterflies. The average mass of communities decreased as urbanization increased. The dispersal ability of communities increased as the percentage of agricultural land and, to a lesser extent, urban area increased. Despite changes in abundances over time, we found significant correlations between yearly abundances. We identified biases linked to the protocol (e.g., car speed or temperature) that can be accounted for ease in analyses. We argue that acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera along roads offers several advantages for assessing Orthoptera biodiversity at large spatial and temporal extents, particularly in a citizen science framework. El Uso de Monitoreos Acústicos a Gran Escala para Estudiar las Presiones Antropogénicas sobre Comunidades de Orthoptera     

中国生物入侵的现状与趋势

采用文献调研、实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,对中国境内森林、湿地、草原、荒漠、内陆水域和海洋等生态系统的外来入侵物种进行调查,共查明488种外来入侵物种并收集其详细信息,包括名称、分类地位、分布、起源、首次发现或引入的地点和时间、入侵途径、危害、营养和环境条件等.在这488种外来入侵物种中,植物265种,动物171种,菌物26种,病毒12种,原核生物11种,原生生物3种.对有较明确入侵时间记载的392种外来入侵物种入侵年代的分析结果表明,1850年以前,仅出现31种外来人侵物种,自1850年起,新的外来入侵物种种数总体呈逐步上升趋势,特别是1950年后的60a间,新出现209种.外来入侵物种首次发现的地点集中在沿海地区及云南和新疆等边疆地区,但首次发现地点有逐步北移的趋势.有意引进与无意引进的外来入侵物种种数所占比例十分接近,近年来无意引进成为首要途径.美洲、欧洲和亚洲其他地区是中国外来入侵物种的主要来源地.外来入侵物种的分布呈现由沿海向内陆逐步减少的趋势.     

昆明市大气微塑料的沉降特性及呼吸暴露风险

大气沉降是微塑料非主动陆地输入的重要途径. 为了了解昆明市大气微塑料的沉降特性及呼吸暴露风险,在2021—2022年干季和雨季,采集昆明市5个城市功能分区的大气微塑料样品,结合显微镜下观测、拉曼光谱分析和激光红外光谱分析等方法对其进行鉴定分析. 昆明市大气微塑料的平均沉降通量范围为468—2238 n·m−2·d−1,平均值为(1211±498) n·m−2·d−1,形状以纤维(88.2%)、微珠(5.58%)、颗粒(4.86%)为主;颜色以透明(74.88%)和蓝色(10.16%)、不透明(3.56%)、红色(2.38%)等为主;约78.59%的大气微塑料粒径为10—1000 μm;聚合物类型以PET、纤维素、PMMA、PE、PVC、PA、PP为主. 时空分布上,不同功能区大气微塑料的沉降通量依次为：商业交通稠密区>旅游消费聚集区>综合产业园区>住宅区>文教区;雨季微塑料的沉降通量更大((1475±350) n·m−2·d−1),约是干季的1.5倍. 根据人体呼吸暴露风险初步评估结果,昆明市成人平均每天微塑料呼吸摄入量(Daily respiratory intake of atmospheric microplastics,EDI)约为4.830×105 ng·kg−1,儿童平均EDI约2.328×105 ng·kg−1. 不同功能区的EDI从高到低为：商业交通稠密区>综合产业园区>住宅区>文教区>旅游消费区. 本研究结果丰富了大气微塑料研究监测数据,为昆明市大气微塑料的环境污染评价和城市空气污染防治提供了参考.     

泸州中心城区污水处理厂尾水水质与风险特征

泸州是长江上游的典型西南丘陵城市,掌握泸州市污水处理厂尾水水质特征,对长江水质保护具有重要意义。对泸州5个城市污水处理厂的进出水常规水质指标进行系统分析,并与全国污水处理厂、长江上游地表水水质进行比较,进而对长江的污染负荷影响进行评价。此外,采用多因子评估方法评估尾水富营养风险,采用EPA Method 1694方法分析药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)检出频率、检出浓度与风险商。在大多数情况下,污水处理厂尾水的TP无法达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水要求,且超出全国污水处理厂出水中位值的概率为64.3%~100%。因此识别出TP为常规污染物中的关键污染物。各污水处理厂进水均存在反硝化碳源不足的问题,而尾水富营养化风险高,对长江的TP污染负荷增量不容忽视。在尾水检出的13种PPCPs中,共识别到2种中高风险的PPCPs,其中高风险污染物为磺胺嘧啶,中风险污染物为磺胺甲基异噁唑,其余PPCPs均为低生态风险。针对TP与PPCPs这2类关键污染物,分别给出了实际的工艺提升建议:1)适当增加PFS投量,并将D型滤池改造为Ⅴ型滤池以提升除磷效率。2)增添臭氧与活性炭的处理工艺,以有效去除目前传统工艺难以处理的PPCPs。