PETROLEUM EXPLORATION TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

In 1979, all the non-OPEC less developed countries (LDCs) represented 8.1 per cent of world oil production and more than 10 per cent of the proven reserves. The position of the oil-importing LDCs was more modest, with 2 per cent of world production and only 1.2 per cent of the proved reserves. On the other hand, their reserves of natural gas were slightly larger and relatively little exploited. Considering the low level of exploration in the non-OPEC LDCs, which can at least partially be explained by economic and political conditions, their hydrocarbon potential is considerably higher than present discoveries, as confirmed by results obtained in new zones that have recently been prospected. Up until the last few years, exploration efforts in non-OPEC LDCs, measured in terms of seismic prospecting and drilling, have remained practically stable. On the contrary, since the 1973 crisis and its repercussions on the price of oil, there has been a sharp increase in exploration in the developed countries, especially in North America, due to the greater economic attractiveness of new discoveries. To encourage the same intensification of exploration in the LDCs incentives to promote activities must continue to be proposed. The situation of the some 70 oil-importing LDCs, in which exploration has been highly scattered to date and where petroleum potential exists, is extremely critical. En 1979, tous les pays les moins développés en dehors de I'OPEP représentaient 8.1 pour cent de la production mondiale de pétrole et plus de 10 pour cent des réverses prouvées. La situation des pays les moins développés importateurs de pétrole était plus que défavorable, avec 2 pour cent de la production mondiale et 1.2 pour cent seulement des réverves prouvées. D'autre part, leurs réverves de gaz naturel étaient plus grandes et relativement peu exploitées. Considérant le faible niveau d'exploration dans les pays les moins développés en dehors de I'OPEP, niveau que l'on peut au moins attribue en partie aux conditions économiques et politiques, leur potentiel en hydrocarbures est considérablement plus élevé que les découvertes actuelles, tel que le confirment les résultats obtenus dans de nouvelles zones récemment prospectées. Jusqu'à ces dernières années, les efforts d'exploration dans les pays les moins développés en dehors de I'OPEP en termes de prospection sismique et de forage sont restés pratiquement stables. Par contre, depuis la crise de 1973 et ses répercussions sur le prix du pétrole, il y a eu une augmentation marquante dans l'exploration des pays développés, en particulier en Amérique du nord, à cause des possibilités économiques plus intéressantes de ces nouvelles découvertes. Afin d'arriver à la méme intensification en matière d'exploration dans les pays les moins développés, on doit continuer à fournir des encouragements pour promouvoir les activités. La situation des quelque 70 pays les moins développés importateurs de pétrole dans lesquels l'exploration a été sporadique jusqu'à cette date et où le potentiel en pétrole existe est extrêmement critique. En 1979 todos los países de menor grado de desarrollo, no miembros de la OPEP, representaban 8.1 porciento de la producción mundial de petróleo y más del 10 porciento de las reservas probadas. La situación de esta categoría de países, importadores de petróleo era mas modesta: con 2 porciento de la producción mundial y solo 1.2 porciento de reservas probadas. Por otro lado sus reservas de gas natural eran ligeramente mayores y relativamente poco explotadas. Tomando en consideración el bajo nivel de exploración en los países de menor grado de desarrollo no pertenecientes a la OPEP, el potencial en hidrocarburos de estos países es considerablemente mayor que los descubrimientos presentes tal como se confirma por los resultados obtenidos en zonas nuevas recientemente exploradas. Hasta hace pocos años, los esfuerzos de exploración en estos países han permanecido practicamente estables. Por el contrario desde la crisis de 1973 ha ocurrido un aumento rápido en la exploración en los países desarrollados, especialmente en Norte América, debido al mayor atractivo económico de los nuevos descubrimientos. Para facilitar la misma intensificación de exploración en los países de menor grado de desarrollo se deben proponer incentivos que promuevan mayor actividad. La situación de algo asi como 70 países importadores de petróleo es crítica a pesar de que existe un potencial en hidrocarburos y donde poca exploración se ha realizado hasta ahora.     

水中内分泌干扰物-壬基酚的去除研究进展

壬基酚是一种内分泌干扰物,主要来源于NPEO,能通过生物富集作用进入生物体内并造成危害。当前检测水样中壬基酚的主要方法是采用GC—MS,预处理采用固相萃取。研究表明自来水厂的常规处理工艺对于壬基酚的去除有限;而活性炭、有机蒙脱土吸附等物理方法,超声声化、电化学氧化、光分解等化学方法可有效降解水中的壬基酚。     

基于PLUS-InVEST模型的江西省生态系统碳储量时空演变与预测

土地利用变化是影响陆地生态系统碳储量变化的重要因素,研究土地利用变化与碳储量之间关系对优化区域土地利用结构,维持区域碳平衡可提供可靠的数据支撑.以江西省为例,分析1990~2020年土地利用变化,基于PLUS模型,结合自然发展情景、生态优先情景和经济发展情景设置,对2030年江西省土地利用格局进行模拟分析,运用InVEST模型测算1990~2020年及未来不同情景下江西省碳储量变化,利用空间自相关分析探索江西省不同情景下陆地生态系统碳储量时空变化特征,并提出相应的政策建议.结果表明:①1990~2020年江西省碳储量整体呈下降趋势,共减少4.58×10⁷ t.其中,水域和建设用地的面积增加,耕地、林地、草地及未利用地面积减少是导致碳储量减少的主要原因.②2030年江西省陆地生态系统碳储量在自然发展情景、生态优先情景和经济发展情景下分别为2.20×10⁹、2.24×10⁹和2.19×10⁹ t.③3种情景下的碳储量值在空间分布上具有相似性,碳储量高值区域在江西省北部、西北部及西部区域出现集聚,低值区域则在中部区域聚集.研究结果可为江西省未来国土空间规划,提升陆地生态系统碳储量提供数据支撑.     

石岩水库截污工程规模论证

以流域生态系统保护和水质达标为出发点,根据入库水质、漏失的城市污水量、未污染的基流本底值、建成区地表径流污染、流域水文情势、水资源的健康利用等因素综合考虑,确定了水库截污规模。截排时将每场降雨初期径流和尾水截流外排,而将洪峰流量全部入库,可确保入库水质不低于地表水Ⅲ类标准,又能增加入库水量,实现水资源的健康利用。     

UV/微曝气联用工艺对内分泌干扰物BP的去除效果和影响因素

采用新型工艺UV/微曝气对水中内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（BP）进行降解研究.结果表明,UV/微曝气是一种高级氧化法,可以有效去除水中BP;UV/微曝气联用工艺降解BP受本底TOC值、BP初始浓度值、UV光强以及溶液初始pH影响较大.随着TOC值的降低,BP降解速率k₁迅速增加;随着光强的增大,BP的降解速率呈线性增长;在189～410 μg/L浓度范围内,k₁随着BP浓度的增大而逐步增大,在410～971 μg/L浓度的范围内,k₁随着浓度的增大而逐步降低;pH 2.77～4.01范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较大,pH 4.70～8.16范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较低.     

机场鸟击事故灾害的生态防治

从生态学角度分析了机场鸟击事故灾害发生的根源和特点，概述了鸟击灾害的生态防治措施，包括主动性防治和被动性防治，以及计算机和信息技术的应用。指出鸟击灾害已经成为机场飞行安全的主要威胁之一；生态综合防治是机场鸟击事故灾害防治的根本手段。     

动态条件下各形态内源磷释放动力学研究

实验在流量为3L/d,水通量变化率为1.17 L(水)/g(湿泥).d-1的动态条件下模拟自然条件下内源磷的释放过程,对内源磷的释放过程、形态变化以及释放速率进行考察。研究表明,内源磷释放可分为两个阶段:快速释放阶段,释放速率由铁磷释放决定;慢速释放阶段,释放速率由铁磷释放和钙磷释放共同决定。整个释放过程中内源磷形态分布有较大变化。动力学分析表明总内源磷释放在表观上符合4.5级动力学反应,铁磷释放在表观上符合5.4级动力学反应,钙磷释放在表观上符合一级动力学反应。     

Predicting Extinction Risk of Brazilian Atlantic Forest Angiosperms

Understanding how plant life history affects species vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances and environmental change is a major ecological challenge. We examined how vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size relate to extinction risk throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain. We used a database containing species‐level information of 6,929 angiosperms within 112 families and a molecular‐based working phylogeny. We used decision trees, standard regression, and phylogenetic regression to explore the relationships between species attributes and extinction risk. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in extinction risk. Vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size were related to species extinction risk, but the effect of growth form was not evident after phylogeny was controlled for. Species restricted to either rocky outcrops or scrub vegetation on sandy coastal plains exhibited the highest extinction risk among vegetation types, a finding that supports the hypothesis that species adapted to resource‐limited environments are more vulnerable to extinction. Among growth forms, epiphytes were associated with the highest extinction risk in non‐phylogenetic regression models, followed by trees, whereas shrubs and climbers were associated with lower extinction risk. However, the higher extinction risk of epiphytes was not significant after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness. Our findings provide new indicators of extinction risk and insights into the mechanisms governing plant vulnerability to extinction in a highly diverse flora where human disturbances are both frequent and widespread. Predicción del Riesgo de Extinción de Angiospermas del Bosque Atlántico Brasileño     

Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning

Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica     

中国生物入侵的现状与趋势

采用文献调研、实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,对中国境内森林、湿地、草原、荒漠、内陆水域和海洋等生态系统的外来入侵物种进行调查,共查明488种外来入侵物种并收集其详细信息,包括名称、分类地位、分布、起源、首次发现或引入的地点和时间、入侵途径、危害、营养和环境条件等.在这488种外来入侵物种中,植物265种,动物171种,菌物26种,病毒12种,原核生物11种,原生生物3种.对有较明确入侵时间记载的392种外来入侵物种入侵年代的分析结果表明,1850年以前,仅出现31种外来人侵物种,自1850年起,新的外来入侵物种种数总体呈逐步上升趋势,特别是1950年后的60a间,新出现209种.外来入侵物种首次发现的地点集中在沿海地区及云南和新疆等边疆地区,但首次发现地点有逐步北移的趋势.有意引进与无意引进的外来入侵物种种数所占比例十分接近,近年来无意引进成为首要途径.美洲、欧洲和亚洲其他地区是中国外来入侵物种的主要来源地.外来入侵物种的分布呈现由沿海向内陆逐步减少的趋势.