生物炭在新疆棉田的应用效果研究

农业是新疆经济和社会的基础,维系着全疆广大农牧民的生计,也关系到民族团结、边疆稳定和各族人民生活水平。寻求新技术提高绿洲农业生产力是新时期新疆经济和社会发展的要求。我们将小麦秸秆生物炭应用于喀什绿洲的灌淤土,研究了其对土壤pH和土壤水分的影响以及对棉花生长和产量的促进作用。结果显示,10%生物炭施用量可以倍增田间持水量,并提高土壤pH值0.36。但后一作用会随土壤灌溉和淋滤作用的增加而降低;在混合施用方式下,生物炭显著提高棉花产量,5%的施用量提高皮棉产量26%。这种增产效果产生的原因是生物炭的施用增加了土壤的营养成分和供水能力,从而增强了植株的株高、果枝数和单株铃数等。但条施方式对棉花的增产效果不显著,其施用过程会伤及作物根系和/或纯生物炭的高碱性影响植株的生理作用,从而造成棉株的枯萎、迟滞作物的生长。上述结果表明生物炭技术是提高绿洲农业生产力很有潜力的一条途径,但施用方式是一个很重要的影响因素。本研究结果不仅可以直接指导新疆绿洲的棉花生产,还可以为我国北方广大干旱区农业生产和管理提供借鉴。     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrolysis: theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. Firstly, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4℃ were calculated from that at 25℃. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)247 (Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4℃ caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25℃, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4℃, Al13 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4℃ in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25℃.     

Aerobic granulation of pure bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis

The objective of this study is to cultivate aerobic granules by pure bacterial strain, Bacillus thuringiensis, in a sequencing batch reactor. Stable granules sized 2.0–2.2 mm were formed in the reactor after a five-week cultivation. These granules exhibited excellent settling attributes, and degraded phenol at rates of 1.49 and 1.19 g phenol/(g VSS?d) at 250 and 1500 mg/L of phenol concentration, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopic test results show that Bacillus thuringiensis was distributed over the initial small aggregates, and the outer edge of the granule was away from the core regime in the following stage.     

珠海空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的时空变化特征

选取2000年6月-2001年5月珠海空气中PM10的观测数据,分析其在3个监测点(香洲、前山和吉大)的时空演变特征.结果表明,珠海PM10的年均质量浓度为40 μg/m\+3(校正后为52 μg/m\+3),低于国家PM10的二级质量标准,与国内外其他城市相比,珠海PM10相对较低,表明珠海的大气颗粒物污染轻微.2001年4月14,15日珠海PM10日均值显著增高,达到92,127 μg/m\+3,对比香港及北方粉尘源区的颗粒物浓度及气团轨迹分析结果可知,珠海也受到了北方沙尘暴的影响.3个站点的PM10月均质量浓度变化主要表现为夏、秋季低,冬、春季高.珠海市大气PM10的日变化形式以白天高、夜晚低为主.      

Regenerable adsorbent for removing ammonia evolved from anaerobic reaction of animal urine

The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In the process, activated carbon impregnated with H2SO4（H2SO4/C） is employed. Ammonia in the waste gas reacts with H2SO4 on the adsorbent instantaneously and completely to form （NIL）2SO4. The H2SO4/C adsorbent is high in NH3 adsorption capacity and regenerable. The NH3 removal capacity of this regenerable adsorbent is more than 30 times that of the adsorbents used normally in the industry. The spent H2SO4/C is regenerated by flowing low-pressure steam through the adsorbent bed to remove the （NH4）2SO4 from the adsorbent. The regeneration by-product is concentrated （NH4）2SO4 solution, which is a perfect liquid fertilizer for local use. Re-soaking the activated carbon with H2SO4 solution rejuvenates the activity of the adsorbent. Thus the H2SOJC can be reused repeatedly. In the mechanism of this reactive adsorption process, trace of H20 in the waste gas is a required, which lends itself to treating ammonia gas saturated with moisture from biodegradation of animal urine.     

Phytoremediation of Atrazine by Poplar Trees: Toxicity,Uptake, and Transformation

Toxicity, uptake, and transformation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] by three species of poplar tree were assessed. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed flasks with hydrophonic solutions and exposed to various concentrations of atrazine for a period of two weeks. Toxicity effects were evaluated by monitoring transpiration and measuring poplar cutting mass. Exposure to higher atrazine concentrations resulted in decrease of biomass and transpiration accompanied by leaf chlorosis and abscission. However, poplar cuttings exposed to lower concentrations of atrazine grew well and transpired at a constant rate during experiment periods. Poplar cuttings could take up, hydrolyze, and dealkylate atrazine to less toxic metabolites. Metabolism of atrazine occurred in roots, stems, and leaves and became more complete with increased residence time in tissue. These results suggest that phytoremediation is a viable approach to removing atrazine from contaminated water and should be considered for other contaminants.