广西红树林沉积物对诺氟沙星的吸附特征研究

采用批量平衡吸附实验研究了广西红树林沉积物对诺氟沙星的吸附特性,以及pH、盐度和表面活性剂等对吸附的影响。结果表明,诺氟沙星在沉积物上的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段;在实验浓度范围内吸附等温线呈非线性,可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的拟合。在pH为3~10时,诺氟沙星的平衡吸附量随pH的增大,先增后减;而平衡吸附量随盐度的上升呈下降的趋势。在表面活性剂浓度为5.00 mg/L时,3种类型表面活性剂对诺氟沙星在红树林沉积物上吸附均有促进作用,作用由弱到强依次为:Tween20 SDBS CTAB。     

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体去除水中敌草隆的降解机理

研究了线筒式介质阻挡放电等离子体对水中敌草隆的降解效果,考察了不同因素对敌草隆去除效果的影响及其对敌草隆的降解机理. 结果表明:输入功率、空气流量均对敌草隆的降解产生较大影响. 输入功率为50 W、空气流量为140 L/h时,放电反应6 min敌草隆的去除率达到95.7%. 随着放电时间的增加,水溶液中测出的ρ(O₃)、ρ(H₂O₂)均明显升高,6 min后其产量分别为11.9和1.2 mg/L;放电6 min后pH从最初的6.3降至3.4,ρ(TOC)也从最初的14.2 mg/L降至11.9 mg/L. 采用离子色谱仪分析敌草隆降解过程中产生的离子发现,反应过程中ρ(Cl-)和ρ(NO₃-)呈线性增长. 采用发光细菌抑制率反映溶液毒性,放电6 min后,敌草隆溶液对发光细菌的抑制率高达90.5%,溶液毒性增大. 通过液相色谱-飞行时间质谱对敌草隆降解产物进行分析,敌草隆降解过程中中间产物的形成存在烷基氧化、脱氯羟化、脱氯羟化-烷基氧化3种途径.      

MLX微机消谐小电流接地选线装置与变电运行安全

对供电系统中发生的接地现象以及接地而造成的谐振进行了阐述,重点对微机消谐小电流接地选线装置特点及工作过程进行分析,对装置的不足提出了相应的对策.     

红枫湖饮用水水源地的工业企业环境风险评价

为降低饮用水水源地的工业企业突发环境事件发生的频率、提高环境风险管理的效率,在工业企业环境风险特征分析及Seveso Ⅲ指令的基础上,构建了基于危险物质泄漏、污染物排放及迁移、风险管理与控制能力的工业企业环境风险评价指标体系,并建立了风险评价方法. 以贵阳市红枫湖流域为例,按其水文特征划分为5个区域,对流域工业企业及各区域进行了风险评价. 结果表明:红枫湖流域81家工业企业中有55家风险企业,占企业总数的67.9%,整体风险水平较高;风险级别为重大、较大、一般和较低的企业分别有10、14、20和11家;风险较高的企业多为化工、印染、医药、造纸、冶金和煤矿类企业;羊昌河、麦翁河、麻线河、后六河流域及湖区周边区域的风险指数分别为16.09、7.01、3.77、0、1.07,羊昌河和麦翁河流域分别属于较高风险、一般风险区域,而其他区域的风险较低. 风险评价结果与红枫湖流域内工业企业的污染特点及位置分布较吻合,据此提出红枫湖流域实施环境风险分级管理的建议.      

简易生活垃圾填埋场综合治理工程设计

随着越来越多标准化生活垃圾填埋场的建成和投入运行,原有简易生活垃圾填埋场的环境综合治理被各级环境管理部门日益重视,成为改善环境急需解决的问题。以西北某市简易生活垃圾填埋场综合整治工程为例,通过分析简易垃圾填埋场存在的主要环境隐患,有针对性地提出了解决垃圾渗沥液、填埋气、边坡安全等环境和安全问题的具体工程措施,尽量将简易垃圾填埋场对周围环境的影响降到最低程度。     

三峡小城镇污水处理厂污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理工艺适用于库区小城镇污水处理。     

The role of black carbon as a catalyst for environmental redox transformation

Black carbon (BC) is an important class of geosorbents that control the fate and transport of organic pollutants in soil and sediment. We previously demonstrated a new role of BC as an electron transfer mediator in the abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds by Oh and Chiu (Environ Sci Technol 43:6983–6988, 2009). We proposed that BC can catalyze the reduction of nitro compounds because it contains microscopic graphitic (graphene) domains, which facilitate both sorption and electron transfer. In this study, we assessed the ability of different types of BC—graphite, activated carbon, and diesel soot—to mediate the reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by H₂S. All three types of BC enhanced DNT and DBP reduction. H₂S supported BC-mediated reduction, as was observed previously with a thiol reductant. The results suggest that BC may influence the fate of organic pollutants in reducing subsurface environments through redox transformation in addition to sorption.     

番茄ARF4基因果实特异RNAi载体的构建及遗传转化

构建ARF4基因果实特异表达的RNA干涉载体,对转基因番茄果实进行初步分析,可为采用基因工程方法改良番茄果实品质做出新尝试.利用RT-PCR技术从番茄果实cDNA中扩增SlARF4基因全长,将番茄ARF4基因正反向重复序列片段导入到植物表达载体pBI121上,启动子是番茄果实特异表达的TFM7.将构建的ARF4基因果实特异RNA干涉载体pBI121-TFM7-A4Ri通过根癌农杆菌介导转入到野生型番茄中,进而对转化获得的植株进行了阳性鉴定.分别以转基因番茄和野生型番茄为材料,分析ARF4在果实中的表达水平,测定绿熟期果实叶绿素含量、果实的单果重量和果皮厚度.酶切证实pBI121-TFM7-A4Ri果实特异表达载体构建成功,而且,PCR检测也得到阳性转基因株.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,转基因番茄果实中ARF4的表达量明显低于野生型果实.转基因番茄果实的叶绿素含量、单果重量和果皮厚度都比野生型有提高.因此,ARF4果实特异表达的RNAi方法能够改良番茄果实品质.     

潜叶虫潜道图像分析

为通过潜叶虫潜食叶片所留下的潜道分析其分类、行为和生态,应用Getdata图形数字化软件和R语言,提取线形潜道的数字化图像,并获得各种图像形状参数,如平均转角、转角集中度、分维D、直线度ST、蜿蜒度SN等.结果发现:大多数潜道的平均转角较小(不超过±25.0°),转角集中度较高(>0.600),说明潜食方向大多保持为前进方向;多数潜道的ST在0.010到0.300之间,数值极小,而SN一般都超过0.600,表明多数潜叶昆虫潜道的蜿蜒程度非常大;米楮上两种潜叶蛾的潜道形状参数如D和ST存在显著差异.