嗜热真菌的生物转化功能与经济价值

嗜热真菌是经济微生物中极为重要的一个类群,许多兼性嗜热真菌可在常温和一般高温条件下生存,它们在有机物质的生物转化和物质循环中起着重要的作用。对嗜热真菌在蘑菇培养料的制备、废物的堆肥化处理、酒曲制作等几种常见生产过程中的生物转化作用和机理进行分析,探讨嗜热真菌在人类生产活动中的作用及经济价值。     

生物膜法A/O/O工艺城市污水脱氮处理的挂膜启动

生物膜法A/O/O脱氮系统处理城市污水中试挂膜启动研究结果表明:挂膜启动的关键在于进行硝化处理的二级生物接触氧化池能否培养出以硝化菌为优势菌种的成熟生物膜。试验中水温、气水比和进水氨氮负荷是影响挂膜启动的主要因素。为加速挂膜启动,水温不宜低于15℃;挂膜初期在保证供氧充足的情况下最好采用较小的气水比,而后气水比可逐渐随DO的实际需求作相应的调整,同时保持出水DO不低于4mg/L,5.5～6mg/L时效果较好;启动期内氨氮负荷宜低于0.6kg/(m3·d)。     

土地利用对太湖入流河道营养盐的影响

土地利用类型是影响面源营养盐负荷的重要因素.为定量揭示不同土地类型对太湖流域入湖河流营养盐浓度的影响,本文以太湖西岸乌溪港流域为例,基于流域土地利用类型的遥感解译,结合河道水质监测数据,分析了流域土地利用对太湖入流河道营养盐浓度的影响.结果发现,河道水质与土地利用类型联系紧密：旱地农田和建筑用地占比对河道氮、磷、有机碳及浮游植物叶绿素a等营养盐相关水质指标影响巨大,果园用地占比也与河道营养盐浓度正相关,而林地占比则与营养盐浓度负相关;流域水域的利用情况及其面积占比也显著影响河道营养盐：河流及水库等的水体面积占比与河道溶解性总氮及硝态氮浓度负相关,自然坑塘及鱼塘等水域面积占比则与河道硝态氮和氨氮浓度负相关,而河流及鱼塘面积占比与河道溶解性总磷、溶解性有机碳和高锰酸盐指数等浓度呈正相关,自然坑塘面积占比与河道颗粒态磷和浮游植物叶绿素a浓度呈正相关.土地利用类型对河道水质的影响程度还受其距河远近的影响.上述结果表明在太湖等平原河网地区营养盐的面源污染控制中应当将土地与湿地的利用管控作为重点实施管理,将湿地水域的自净能力提升纳入流域营养盐控制方案,并特别重视下游河道两岸旱地及建筑用地的面源污染削减.     

山西省辛安泉氮污染预测实验拟合数学模型的研究

本文在环境水文地质地球化学调查的基础上，以相似论为依据，采用模拟实验方法，获取ＮＨ４在水－岩土体系中的运移规律，进而建立实验拟合模型，经检验修正，可初步用于污染预测，这种把ＮＨ４的力学迁移与地球化学的融为一体的建模方法，具有合理，直观，简便等优点。     

塔马亚历山大藻与细菌的共培养及其微生态效应

为研究赤潮藻类与海洋细菌的微生态关系，在实验室模拟条件下将塔马亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense(Lebour)Balech)与海底沉积物中分离的两种细菌（Bacillus megaterium,S7;B.halmatpulus,S10)共同培养，并探讨了藻菌共培养对A.tamarense生长以及对水体中胞外酶β－葡萄糖苷酶活性（β－GlcA)的影响。实验结果表明，在培养的第2周内，与细菌S7或S10共培养的A.tamarense细胞数分别比CK增加约12％和24％，而在第3周内则各增加23％和5％左右。另外，分别与A.tamarense共培养的细菌S7或S10的β－GlcA变化趋势相似，呈马鞍型曲线。在A.tamarense生长的后期，β－GlcA随着藻细胞的裂解程度的增加而迅速提高。图3参25     

Long-Term Avifaunal Impoverishment in an Isolated Tropical Woodlot

Abstract:  Long-term (>50 years) extinction patterns and processes in isolated tropical forest patches are poorly understood. Considering that forest fragments are rapidly becoming the common feature of most tropical landscapes, data on the long-term conservation value of such fragments are urgently needed. We report on avifaunal turnover in a tropical woodlot (Bogor Botanical Gardens; 86 ha; 54% native and 46% introduced plants; mean 83,649 visitors/month) that has been surveyed several times before and after its isolation in 1936. By 2004 the original avifaunal richness of this woodlot declined by 59% (97 to 40 species) and its forest-dependent avifauna declined by 60% (30 to 12 species). Large-bodied birds were particularly prone to extinction before 1987, but following this time none of the species traits we studied could be considered predictive of extinction proneness. All seven forest-dependent bird species that attempted to colonize this woodlot by 1987 perished thereafter. Our results show that area reduction, isolation, intense human use, and perverse management (e.g., understory removal) of this patch have probably negatively affected the long-term sustainability of its forest avifauna.     

土壤动物群落生态学与土壤微生态环境的关系

主要综述了国内外蚯蚓种群、捕食性线虫、蚂蚁、跳虫、螨类等土壤动物与土壤理化性质的关系,以及蚯蚓、白蚁、蜗牛、线虫等土壤动物与土壤酶活性的相关性研究;提出了该学科今后的研究趋势。该学科未来要融合土壤动物和整个农林生态系统的研究为一体,把农林的土壤动物群落生态学及其与土壤微生态环境关系结合起来,耦合土壤动物与植物根系-根际微生态环境,链接农林土壤动物与土壤健康及其害虫生态调控,分析探究它们内在的联系和机制,加强立地调控措施,为森林健康和土壤健康提供科学基础资料。     

杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性影响

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏（dichlorvos，DDVP）对黑眶蟾蜍（Bufo melanostictus）蝌蚪的急性毒性和生长发育、生理活动的影响．结果表明，DDVP对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的96h半数致死浓度（LC50，96h）为51．61mg／L．暴露于2．24mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低24．9％和9．5％，并引起黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带数和强弱发生改变，抑制了蝌蚪的酯酶同工酶活性，而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）比活受到的影响相对较小．暴露于6．72mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低27．0％和38．8％，酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带的强弱发生明显的改变，SOD酶比活明显低于对照组．说明杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪可造成一定的毒性影响．图2表4参22     

Ecological Correlates of Extinction Proneness in Tropical Butterflies

Abstract:  Widespread and rapid losses of natural habitats and biodiversity have made the identification of extinction-prone species a major challenge in conservation biology. We assessed the relative importance of biologically relevant species traits (e.g., body size, ecological specialization) obtained from published records to determine the extinction probability of butterflies in a highly disturbed tropical landscape (i.e., Singapore). We also developed a taxon-specific model to estimate the extinction proneness of butterflies in Southeast Asia. Logistic regression analyses showed that adult habitat specialization, larval host plant specificity, geographical distribution, sexual dichromatism, and congenor density were significant and independent determinants of butterfly extinctions in Singapore. Among these traits, specificity of larval host plant and adult habitat specialization were the best correlates of extinction risks. We used this phenomenological extinction-regression model to estimate the relative extinction proneness of 416 butterfly species in Southeast Asia. Our results illustrate the utility of available taxon-specific data for a localized area in estimating the extinction proneness of closely related species on a regional scale. When intensive field studies are not forthcoming, especially in regions suffering from rapid biodiversity losses (e.g., Southeast Asia), similar approaches could be used to estimate extinction threats for other taxonomic groups.     

矿井水电化学特性的试验研究及其应用

矿井水是我国排放量最大的一类工业废水，本文从电化学角度分析了矿井水的净化机理。通过实际分析测试表明：矿井水中悬浮物属于半胶态体系，即悬浮体与胶态体的过渡体，带负电荷，其动电位介于—20mV至—30mV之间。聚合硫酸铁对矿井水的电中和能力较强，而聚合氯化铝对矿井水的混凝能力主要来自吸附架桥和网捕。