The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

Evidence for the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on the activities of soil exoenzymes

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well known to have antimicrobial ability, but very little is known about the effect of AgNPs on soil exoenzyme activities, which reflect the potential of a soil to support biochemical processes. This study provides evidence of the inhibitory effects of AgNPs on the activities of soil exoenzymes. Six exoenzymes related to nutrient cycles (urease, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase) and the overall microbial activity (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase) were tested in soils treated with AgNPs (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg g(-1)) and silver ion (0.035, 0.175, 0.525, 1 and 1.5 μg g(-1)). AgNPs were capable of inhibiting the activities of all the exoenzymes tested in this study. Especially, the urease and dehydrogenase activities were significantly related to the presence of AgNPs. The effects of silver ions dissolved from the AgNPs were not significant, indicating the adverse effects caused by AgNPs themselves. This study suggested that AgNPs negatively affect soil exoenzyme activities, with the urease activity especially sensitive to AgNPs.     

有机物料对废碱锰电池的溶解作用研究

采用润湿好气-腐解培养法,研究有机物料对废碱锰电池的溶解作用,分析了培养时间对pH值,N,K,Zn和Mn溶出的影响。结果表明,稻草、鸡粪和鸽子粪处理培养过程中产生腐殖酸对废电池干粉均有溶解作用,其pH值明显降低;所有处理TN,Zn,Mn都呈现先增加后减小的趋势,15 d时溶量最大,以鸽子粪处理溶出较多;TK的溶出较慢,培养到10 d后才有溶出,均呈现逐渐增大的趋势;而TP溶出则规律性不强。     

基于环境节点要素体系的旅游线路开发与设计

结合近年来在教学实践中积累的实地调研案例,分析了我国旅游线路与市场期望之间的差距,从市场需求的角度上提出了线路设计中应该考虑的几大环境要素。以四川地区为例,提出了一种新的、基于环境要素体系的旅游线路开发与设计思路,其线路产品的最终表述方式有别于传统方式。     

Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau and the implications

High mountains may play significant roles in the global transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This work aims to investigate the levels, patterns and distribution of semi-volatile organoclorine pollutants and to improve the understanding of the long-range atmospheric transport and fate of contaminants on the Tibetan Plateau. A total of 60 fish samples were collected from eight lakes located between 2813 and 4718 m above sea level across the Plateau. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in fish muscle. The results showed that concentrations of DDT, HCH and HCB were comparable to or lower than those found in remote mountains of Europe, Canada and US, while PCB concentrations in fish were, on average, about 4-150 times lower on Tibet than at other mountain areas. The transport and fate of contaminants in the Plateau are significantly influenced by the unique climatological and meteorological conditions, particularly by the summer Indian monsoon and winter westerly jet stream.     

钠碱法烟气脱硫吸收剂pH值的控制与效果

以东方化工厂煤粉锅炉碱法烟气脱硫项目为例,分析了pH值对脱硫效果的影响以及影响吸收剂pH值的因素,并提出了调整解决方法。     

海南文昌火箭发射场雷电环境分析

利用海南省18个气象台站的雷暴人工观测资料和海南闪电定位网的观测资料,分析了海南文昌火箭发射场的雷暴特征和雷电环境,结果表明:海南岛的中部和北部雷暴活动较强,西部、东部和南部近海地区的雷暴活动较弱,文昌发射场处在北部较强的雷暴区;采用Krigine(克里格)方法拟合的结果为文昌火箭发射场雷暴日数的年变化从1982年以后逐渐减少,发射场一年中各月都有雷暴发生,4-10月为雷暴高发期;发射场西部、西北部和北部区域雷暴活动较其它区域要强,79%的雷电流强度小于40 kA,而只有5.9%的雷电流强度大于60 kA,一天中闪电的发生有两个高峰时段,一个出现在凌晨5时到6时,另一个时段出现在14时到18时,午后15时左右是闪电活动最频繁的时段。     

贵州喀斯特土石山区水土保持生态经济型植被恢复模式

以贵州省喀斯特土石山区为例,通过总结前人的研究成果和中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所喀斯特生态实验站的部分试验数据,从全局性、紧迫性、高效性、层次性、可持续性、创新性与多样性的角度提出了在贵州喀斯特土石山区的急坡地、陡坡地、缓陡坡地其水土保持生态经济型植被恢复模式分别采用3种典型模式,即:灌草模式,乔灌草模式与林果模式,以期促进该区域的生态、经济与社会的全面协调与可持续发展。     

测定模拟月壤物理和力学性质的室内试验方法研究

模拟月壤的物理和力学性质是月球科学研究的重要内容,但是由于模拟月壤具有含水率低、孔隙比大的特性,不易采用一般的室内土工试验方法进行测定。通过改进制样方法,即通过环刀和击实后试样高度严格控制模拟月壤试样的质量和密实度,得到了测定模拟月壤物理和力学性质较为准确的室内试验方法,并探讨了模拟月壤的抗剪强度指标与密实度和粒径的关系以及模拟月壤的含水率对其抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明:模拟月壤的天然密度与粒径大小有关,其抗剪强度指标与密实度和粒径大小有关。该试验方法具有操作简单、准确性好、成本低的优点,也适用于其他与模拟月壤类似的低含水率、高孔隙比土样的物理和力学性质的室内测定。