Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

Enzyme-Retted Flax Fiber and Recycled Polyethylene Composites

Municipal solid wastes generated each year contain potentially useful and recyclable materials for composites. Simultaneously, interest is high for the use of natural fibers, such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), in composites thus providing cost and environmental benefits. To investigate the utility of these materials, composites containing flax fibers with recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) were created and compared with similar products made with wood pulp, glass, and carbon fibers. Flax was either enzyme- or dew-retted to observe composite property differences between diverse levels of enzyme formulations and retting techniques. Coupling agents would strengthen binding between fibers and HDPE but in this study fibers were not modified in anyway to observe mechanical property differences between natural fiber composites. Composites with flax fibers from various retting methods, i.e., dew- vs. enzyme-retting, behaved differently; dew-retted fiber composites resulted in both lower strength and percent elongation. The lowest level of enzyme-retting and the most economical process produces composites that do not appear to differ from the highest level of enzyme-retting. Flax fibers improved the modulus of elasticity over wood pulp and HDPE alone and were less dense than glass or carbon fiber composites. Likely, differences in surface properties of the various flax fibers, while poorly defined and requiring further research, caused various interactions with the resin that influenced composite properties.     

两类常用森林火灾蔓延模型的比较

简要介绍了两类常用的森林火灾蔓延模型--邻接单元模型和波动传播模型的原理和实现方法.对作为离散模型的邻接单元模型和作为连续模型的波动传播模型的优、缺点作了系统的总结,并分析了它们对系统精度、实时性、复杂性、全局适应性、计算可靠性和整个模拟系统结构性能的影响.通过对比发现,两类模型在性能上的优势和局限有很强的互补性.因此,为了提高蔓延模型的性能,并使其不受火行为和地理要素复杂性的限制,有必要取长补短,通过现有的计算机技术将两者结合起来.     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品,参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验,分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明,在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As,Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变,分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L,Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时,浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低,在L∶S>6时,浸出浓度较稳定,为35.7～41.5 μg/L;浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时,块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大,当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

水中安替比林的紫外光降解研究

以波长为254 nm的紫外杀菌灯为光源,研究了水溶液中消炎镇痛药物安替比林（PZ）的光降解行为;考察了初始pH值及水中其他物质对PZ光降解的影响,探讨了PZ光解机制,并分析其降解产物及光解途径。结果表明,安替比林的光降解遵循拟一级反应动力学规律,pH值变化对光解速率基本没有影响。安替比林直接光降解占主导作用,活性氧类物种（ROS）对安替比林间接光解基本没有贡献。腐殖酸对安替比林光降解有抑制作用,而NO^-₃,HCO^-₃,Cl^-对安替比林光降解没有明显作用。GC-MS分析表明安替比林在紫外辐射下生成甲酰胺,乙酰胺,2-羟基吲哚-3-酮,2,4（1氢,3甲基）-喹唑啉二酮,1-甲基-2-羟基苯并咪唑,2-羟基苯并恶唑等一系列具有安替比林母体苯环结构的化合物,表明安替比林侧链上N—N键断裂导致其最终降解。     

环境污染事故风险预测评估模式研究

从环境风险到环境污染事故演变的一般规律入手,提出了环境污染事故风险预测评估模式,为环境污染事故风险评估、预防与应急响应提供科学手段。环境污染事故风险预测评估模式的提出,一方面丰富和发展了环境安全与应急响应理论;另一方面,对公共安全、企业安全管理与应急响应等工作具有一定指导意义。     

氯氰菊酯降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂废水排放口附近的污泥中分离到1株能降解氯氰菊酯的细菌LQ-3.根据其形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No.FJ222585)序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Starkeya sp..LQ-3菌株只能以共代谢方式降解氯氰菊酯,在有酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质存在的条件下,5 d内对20 mg·L-1氯氰菊酯的降解率达到72.1%.LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30 ℃左右,pH值为7～8.LQ-3菌株还能降解功夫菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和溴氰菊酯.酶的定域试验表明,LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的酶属于胞外酶.     

农业生态系统的氮素循环研究进展

在自然和人为作用的双重驱动下,地球表面氮素的生物地球化学过程及其环境效应成为当前全球变化中区域研究的重要内容。探讨了氮素循环各个过程及其数量特征,对氮素循环模型进行了介绍,并对当前生态系统中氮素循环的研究热点进行了简要的论述。     

土壤钙的生物有效性及与其它元素的相互作用

根据国内有关土壤钙素的研究文献、总结了土壤钙的生物有效性.土壤钙与其它元素的相互作用,以及钙在土壤中的固定、移动的研究进展,提出了钙肥的施用原则.其施用原则应该是平衡且适量。     

农药对农田蜘蛛生态效应的研究进展

农药对农田蜘蛛的生态效应是进行农田害虫综合防治的生态学基础.本文综述了农田蜘蛛接触和吸收农药的主要途径、农药对蜘蛛的生态效应、蜘蛛对农药的抗性以及农药对蜘蛛的致死效应等研究现状.关于农药对农田蜘蛛亚致死效应的研究,特别是分子、生化、生理、行为等方面的异常,国内外报道不多,因此这方面的研究工作有待于进一步加强.参47