Cultivar-dependent rhizobacteria community and cadmium accumulation in rice: Effects on cadmium availability in soils and iron-plaque formation

The association between the rhizospheric microbial community and Cd accumulation in rice is poorly understood. A field trial was conducted to investigate the different rhizobacterial communities of two rice cultivars with high Cd accumulation (HA) and low Cd accumulation (LA) at four growth stages. Results showed that the Cd content in the roots of the HA cultivar was 1.23 - 27.53 higher than that of the LA cultivar (0.08 - 10.5 µg/plant) at four stages. The LA cultivar had a significantly lower Cd availability in rhizosphere and a higher quantity of iron plaque (IP) on the root surface than the HA cultivar at four stages. This resulted in the reduction of Cd concentration in IPs and Cd translocation from IP-to-root. Microbial analysis indicated that the LA cultivar formed a distinct rhizobacterial community from the HA cultivar and had less α-diversity. The rhizosphere of the LA cultivar was enriched in specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Massilia and Bacillus) involved in Cd immobilization by phosphate precipitation and IP formation by iron oxidization. However, the rhizosphere in the HA cultivar assembled abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Sulfuricurvum) and iron reduction bacteria (Geobacter). They promoted Cd mobilization and reduced IP formation via the metal redox process. This study reveals a potential approach in which specific rhizobacteria decrease or increase Cd accumulation in rice on contaminated soil and provides a new perspective for secure rice production.     

Alterations in microbial community during the remediation of a black-odorous stream by acclimated composite microorganisms

Microbial application is an efficient, economical, and ecofriendly method for remediating black-odorous rivers. In this study, the field treatment effect and microbial community changes were monitored during remediation by the acclimated complex microorganisms of a typical black-odorous stream. After the treatment, the total phosphorus and ammonia contents decreased by 74.0% and 76.3% and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen increased from 1.65 to 4.90 mg/L, indicating the effectiveness of the acclimated composite microorganisms. The proportion of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly by 48.1% and that of Firmicutes increased by 2.23% on average, and the microbial diversity index first increased and then tended to be uniform. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential together determined the composition of the microbial communities (p < 0.05). These findings showed that the acclimated composite microorganisms can effectively remediate the black odor.     

基于遥感的SDG 15.1.2生物多样性指标计算与分析:以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例

生物多样性评价为生物多样性保护提供重要的参考价值,联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)中15.1.2指标对此提出了具体要求. 本研究借助遥感技术,以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(简称“示范区”)为研究区,选取物种多样性层次、生态系统多样性层次和景观多样性层次的7个指标(生境质量指数、增强型植被指数、水网密度指数、生境面积百分比、辛普森多样性指数、景观分离度指数、蔓延度指数)构建生物多样性评价指标体系,实现了对研究区生物多样性的量化计算及生物多样性评估. 结果表明:①研究区生物多样性指数平均值为0.42,生物多样性高等级区域面积为526.65 km2,占研究区陆地面积的27.38%;研究区共28个乡镇,其中生物多样性高等级区域占乡镇陆地面积比例大于50%的乡镇有两个,分别是青浦区的华新镇和香花桥街道. ②探究了土地利用方式和城市不透水面占比对生物多样性的影响,生物多样性受人类活动干扰较为严重,不透水面占比与高等级生物多样性占比呈负相关,在植被稀少的城市和工业区域生物多样性等级较低. 研究显示,SDG 15.1.2指标区域得分为27.38分,距离实现2030年生物多样性可持续目标还面临一定的挑战;同时,该研究旨在构建县级区域生物多样性现状的评价指标体系,从而为SDGs指标本地化提供理论参考.      

微塑料胁迫对近江牡蛎免疫及抗菌力的影响

为探究微塑料对近江牡蛎 （Crassostrea ariakensis）免疫及抗菌力的影响,本研究将不同浓度（0.05 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、5 mg/L）的聚苯乙烯微塑料—菌悬液注入牡蛎壳腔内,研究牡蛎在胁迫24 h和72 h后鳃组织中6种免疫指标的活力,同时记录死亡率。结果显示,微塑料胁迫24 h后,丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力随暴露浓度的升高而升高,但一氧化氮合成酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase,A-chE）随暴露浓度升高被显著抑制,碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,AKP）活力仅在0.5 mg/L处理下显著上升,过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）的活力呈现先上升再下降后上升的趋势。微塑料胁迫72 h后,CAT、AKP、A-chE和SOD的活力变化趋势与24 h的变化趋势大致相同,但活性显著减弱,牡蛎的累计死亡率与对照组相比显著上升。以上结果表明,随着微塑料浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长,牡蛎的抗菌能力和免疫能力均呈下降趋势。     

无居民海岛土地开发适宜性动态评价——以福建平潭大屿岛为例

无居民海岛开发与保护是当前我国国土空间开发与海洋可持续发展的重要议題,开发适宜性评价关乎其开发保护格局的优化。本研究以福建平潭大屿岛为例,采用GIS空间分析技术和层次分析法评估海岛开发前（2014年）和开发后（2019年）的土地开发适宜性动态变化。结果表明,2019年现状开发区域占2014年土地适宜性评价中适宜开发区的43.8%,反映现有开发空间格局尚待优化;对比开发前后,适宜开发位置基本不变,但部分开发前的不适宜开发地区转为开发后的限制开发区,说明2019年以后开发潜力增大。研究结果可为大屿岛的空间用途管制以及我国类似无居民海岛的开发与保护提供借鉴。     

机器学习在材料服役性能预测中的应用

针对材料服役性能预测存在误差大、计算复杂、适用性差等问题,提出了基于数据挖掘的机器学习预测方法。首先阐述了机器学习的应用流程,并总结了常用模型原理及其在材料性能预测中的应用。然后采用多种机器学习模型对RPV钢的辐照性能进行预测,并通过Stacking集成方法提高了模型的预测精度。结果表明,机器学习可用于材料服役性能预测,具有较高的预测精度和可靠性。根据材料服役数据的不同特征选择合适的学习模型,同时进行模型融合和参数优化,可有效提高模型的预测精度及运算速度。     

再生铜冶炼过程中重金属排放特征和控制

再生铜冶炼是重要的重金属排放源,为掌握再生铜冶炼过程中重金属的排放特征和控制效果,通过固定源等速采样装置采集不同冶炼阶段的烟气样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定烟气和飞灰中重金属的浓度,并估算重金属的排放因子.结果表明,在冷却阶段烟气中重金属和颗粒物的浓度较高,经过布袋除尘器和吸附塔等污染控制装置后,重金属和颗粒物被协同脱除,脱除效率达80%～99%.排放烟气中重金属的浓度在阳极炉不同工艺段中的排序为：加料熔融段>氧化段≈还原段,且As、 Pb、 Cr、 Sn、 Sb和Cd的平均排放因子分别为2.6×10³、2.4×10³、2.7×10³、5.6×10²、34.1和9.8 mg·t^-1,烟气中重金属和颗粒物的浓度均满足行业排放标准.飞灰中Cu和Zn的浓度较高,具有回收利用价值.     

红壤区退化林地表土真菌群落结构对土壤改良措施的响应

真菌群落结构和多样性对于土壤改良效果具有高敏感性.研究南方红壤区侵蚀退化林表土真菌群落对有机肥、生物炭和石灰+微生物肥的响应,以明晰不同改土措施的作用.结果表明：(1)3种土壤改良措施均降低了表土真菌丰富度,其中石灰+微生物肥降低作用最大,3种土壤改良措施对表土真菌多样性也有影响,但影响不显著;(2)表土中优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota, 31.29%～46.55%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 30.07%～70.71%),优势真菌属为阿太菌属(Amphinema)和单形古根菌属(Archaeorhizomyces),3种土壤改良措施对表土真菌群落结构的影响不同,有机肥提高了子囊菌门和单形古根菌属的相对丰度,生物炭提高了担子菌门和阿太菌属的相对丰度,而石灰+微生物肥则提高了担子菌门和单形古根菌属的相对丰度;(3)土壤pH是影响表土真菌丰富度的关键因子,而表土真菌群落结构则受pH、全氮和有机碳的影响.研究结果为南方红壤区侵蚀退化林地土壤改良,林下植被生态恢复提供科学指导.