贵州名优茶产区土壤-茶叶中重金属污染及迁移

选择贵州省云雾、都匀、湄潭3个典型名优茶产区,采集土壤和茶叶样品进行重金属检测分析。结果表明:贵州省茶园土壤主要重金属污染元素为Cd和Hg,3个茶产区中,湄潭茶产区土壤Cd的超标率最高,达到39.4%,都匀茶产区土壤Hg超标率最高,为24.2%。土壤Cd平均含量表现为都匀茶产区>湄潭茶产区>云雾茶产区,超标率表现为湄潭茶产区>都匀茶产区>云雾茶产区;土壤Hg含量和超标率均表现为都匀茶产区>湄潭茶产区>云雾茶产区。贵州省3个典型名优茶产区茶叶重金属含量均低于国家标准限量,茶叶中Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb含量随土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb含量增大而增大,不同重金属在茶叶中的富集系数为Cd>Hg>Cu>Pb>Cr>As。     

有机黏土对污染土中HCH的固定及黑麦草生长的影响

在温室条件下,利用黑麦草盆栽实验研究了有机黏土对污染土壤中六六六的吸附固定效果及其对黑麦草生长的影响.结果表明, 添加有机黏土可以有效固定污染土中的六六六,降低其移动性和生物有效性,减少六六六在黑麦草中的积累.与对照相比,添加1%~8%有机黏土可固定土壤中50.4%~78.5%的六六六,当添加比例为8%时,黑麦草地上部分和根系中六六六的含量分别降低了53.9%~87.6%和37.4%~56.6%,各种处理的效果与对照相比均达到显著差异(P < 0.05).添加1%~4%有机黏土,能有效促进黑麦草茎叶部分的生长.     

天津隧道机动车VOCs污染特征与排放因子

应用隧道测试方法在天津市五经路隧道于工作日和非工作日对机动车挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及排放因子(EFs)进行研究,采用3.2 L真空采样罐采集隧道内气体样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对罐内VOCs组分进行分析,得到99种组分的定量结果.对VOCs浓度水平与变化特征、EFs进行了分析,计算隧道内VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFPs)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFPs),并与已发表的研究数据进行了对比.结果表明,隧道入口VOCs平均浓度为(190.85±51.15)μg·m~(-3),中点平均浓度为(257.44±62.02)μg·m~(-3).隧道总排放因子为(45.12±10.97) mg·(km·辆)-1,烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和含氧VOCs(OVOCs)的EFs分别为(22.79±7.15)、(5.04±1.20)、(0.78±0.34)、(9.86±2.81)、(0.26±0.17)和(6.25±2.27) mg·(km·辆)-1,与2009年测试结果相比下降明显.其中,异戊烷、甲苯、乙烯、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)和乙烷是机动车排放VOCs中排放因子较高的组分;甲基叔丁基醚/苯(MTBE/B)、甲基叔丁基醚/甲苯(MTBE/T)比值分别为1.07和0.77,说明蒸发排放对机动车排放VOCs的贡献不可忽视.隧道内VOCs的OFPs和SOAFPs分别为(145.50±37.85) mg·(km·辆)-1和(43.87±12.75) mg·(km·辆)-1,较2009年天津测试结果分别降低94.23%和90.88%,OFPs和SOAFPs的锐减与排放标准加严和油品升级密切相关.     

碱活化过一硫酸盐降解水中环丙沙星

采用碱活化过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)对环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)的去除进行了系统地研究.结果表明,碱活化PMS体系能够高效地去除CIP.通过自由基捕获实验确定了单线态氧(~1O_2)和超氧自由基(O_2~-·)是反应体系中的主要活性物种.NaOH浓度、PMS浓度、反应温度和共存阴离子等对CIP在碱活化PMS体系中的去除均有一定影响.随着NaOH和PMS浓度的增加,CIP的降解均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势.提高反应温度能够加大CIP的反应速率,经过阿伦尼乌斯方程拟合得到的反应活化能为5.09 k J·mol~(-1).不同的阴离子对CIP的去除呈现不同的影响:Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-对CIP的降解没有呈现明显的作用,H_2PO_4~(2-)能够有效地抑制环丙沙星的去除,而CO_3~(2-)极大地促进了反应进程.通过UPLC-MS/MS可检测到10种降解产物,CIP分子结构中的哌嗪环易于受到活性物种的攻击.     

粤港澳大湾区NO2污染的时空特征及影响因素分析

利用Aura卫星搭载的臭氧观测仪（OMI）反演的对流层NO₂柱密度数据,分析了自2005年以来粤港澳大湾区（GBA）对流层NO₂柱密度的空间分布特征、时间变化趋势及其影响因素.研究结果表明GBA对流层NO₂柱密度从2005~2018年呈减少的趋势,每年递减约为2.8%.小波系数显示时间演化过程中存在9个月的主振荡周期,冬季浓度较高,夏季较低.人为排放和各种自然因素,导致了GBA对流层NO₂柱浓度月变化在时间和空间上存在明显差异,最小值和最大值分别出现在6和12月,多年平均值分别为3.9665×10¹⁵和12.3423×10¹⁵molec/cm².NO₂在空间分布上呈现明显的空间分异特征,冬季12月最明显.NO₂污染严重的高值区主要出现在中部地区,如广州市、佛山市和中山市,最大的对流层NO₂柱密度可达18.8306×10¹⁵molec/cm²,大约是周边地区的3 倍,且高污染区域向四周逐渐扩散,连成一片.低值区主要在北部的肇庆市和东部的惠州市,多年平均的对流层NO₂柱密度约为7.1400×10¹⁵molec/cm².对流层NO₂柱密度的增长率在不同区域的变化趋势呈现明显的差异,变化范围为-15×10¹⁵~6×10¹⁵molec/cm²,增长率百分比范围为-65%~65%.出现增长的地区主要是肇庆市北部和惠州市东部的低值区;对流层NO₂出现明显减少的区域集中在中部的高值区,减少量最大的地区为广州市、佛山市和中山市交界处.     

Degradation kinetics and products of triazophos in intertidal sediment

This work presents taboratory studies on the degradation of triazophos in intertidat sediment. The overall degradations were found to follow the first-order decay model. After being incubated for 6 d, the percentage of degradations of triazophos in unsterilized and sterilized sediments were 94.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Between the temperatures of 15℃ and 35℃, the observed degradation rate constant（kob,d） enhanced as the incubation temperature increased. Triazophos in sediment degraded faster under aerobic condition than under anaerobic one. The water content of sediment had little influence on the degradation when it was in the range of 50%-100%. The values of kobsd decreased with increasing initial concentration of triazophos in sediment, which could result from the microorganism inhibition by triazophos. Four major degradation products, o, o-diethyl phosphorothioic acid, monoethyl phosphorothioic acid, phosphorothioic acid, and 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1, 2,4-triazole, were tentatively identified as their corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The possible degradation pathway of triazophos in intertidal sediment was proposed. The results revealed that triazophos in intertidal sediment was relatively unstable and coutd be easily degraded.     

船舶涂料海洋大气暴露与室内加速试验模拟性研究

通过两年海洋大气环境暴露试验、盐雾／紫外冷凝老化交替试验和氙灯老化试验。对比聚氨酯涂料、丙烯酸涂料涂层的色差和失光率,研究了3种试验对涂层表观性能的影响。发现紫外／冷凝老化加速试验对海洋大气暴露试验有很好的模拟性。     

二甲戊乐灵降解细菌的分离及降解特性

分离鉴定了二甲戊乐灵降解细菌 ,并研究了培养条件对二甲戊乐灵降解和细菌生长的影响 .结果表明 ,所分离的29株细菌中有3株在3d内对100mg·L^-1二甲戊乐灵的降解率在80%以上 ,选择HB-1、WB-12株细菌进一步研究 ,此2株细菌经鉴定分别属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和玫瑰色微球菌(Mirococcusluteus) .结果表明 2株细菌在中性培养液中外加碳源浓度为0.2%、二甲戊乐灵浓度不大于100mg·L^-1、30～40℃培养的条件下 ,细菌生长量和二甲戊乐灵的降解率都达到最大.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

渤海赤潮的历史、现状及其特点

论述了渤海赤潮发生的历史、现状与特点,并且较详实地阐明了渤海赤潮的时空特征与变化趋势,赤潮优势种类与时间变化趋势.结果表明,重点发生赤潮的海域为:渤海湾、莱州湾、辽东湾两部海域、辽东湾中部海域和营口鲅鱼圈附近海域;重点发生时间段为:每年的6～8月;主要的优势种类为:夜光藻、球形棕囊藻、叉角藻、红色中缢虫、中肋骨条藻等.2000年到2006年共记录到赤潮80次,累计赤潮面积约19 800 km2,年平均发生赤潮次数和面积分别是90年代年均值的4.2倍和1.6倍;而且近年来渤海赤潮的发生特点明显呈现出时间段延长、次数和面积增加、分布空间扩大、优势种类增多的发展趋势.