泗顶矿区6种土地利用类型土壤微生物群落结构特征

以广西柳州泗顶铅锌矿区的玉米地、菜地、灌木、尾矿库、森林和柑橘园6种不同利用类型土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析了不同土地利用类型土壤微生物群落结构特征及土壤环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是6种土壤的优势菌门,所占比例为31.34%~53.47%,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）为优势菌纲.冗余分析表明,在重金属含量最高的灌木区,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的丰度与土壤中铅、锌、镉、铜的含量呈现显著正相关;在土壤钠和钾含量较高的玉米地和菜地,浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）的丰度有所增加,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度则有所下降.在土壤有机质含量较高而总氮、总磷含量较低的柑橘园,酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的丰度较高.芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和浮霉菌门的丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关.研究结果表明土地利用类型及土壤环境因子对土壤微生物群落结构多样性有显著的影响.     

电场与MnxCey催化剂在苯氧化反应中的协同效应及机理探究

挥发性有机物（VOCs）大量排放已成为日益严重的环境问题,为了实现VOCs的高效去除,本文采用自蔓延燃烧合成法制备了一系列锰铈复合氧化物催化剂,将稳恒直流电场引入典型VOCs气体苯的催化氧化过程,并基于不同电场条件下催化剂的理化性质表征结果进行机理分析.实验结果表明,Mn_xCe_y催化剂对含苯废气的去除有良好的效果,稳恒直流电场显著促进了催化剂的活性,其中Mn₁Ce₃的催化性能最佳,电流为5 mA时,Mn₁Ce₃催化剂在155℃可达到50%的苯转化率,在202.4℃可达到90%的苯转化率,对应的转化温度T₅₀和T₉₀比传统方法分别降低了62.4℃和48.3℃,且电场中的反应活化能由52.32 kJ·mol^-1降低至32.31 kJ·mol^-1.根据实验现象及表征结果,发现协同效应与活性位点的快速持续再生及活性氧物种的转化有关,由此提出苯在Mn_xCe_y催化剂上的氧化机理及电场协同催化的反应模型.     

裂解温度和离子强度对不同来源生物炭胶体释放行为的影响

近年来环境中生物炭胶体形成受到广泛关注,它是生物炭在环境中物理分解作用的重要过程,对污染物迁移有着重要影响.然而,目前对生物炭胶体释放过程和影响因素的研究甚少,人们对生物炭胶体释放机理的认识还很有限.本研究以小麦秸秆和花生壳为生物质来源,系统地探讨了生物炭的裂解温度（300~700 ℃）和溶液离子强度（0.1~10 mmol·L^-1）对生物炭胶体产率的影响.结果表明,随着裂解温度的升高,生物炭的耐磨性增强,且在较高的裂解温度下（≥500 ℃）花生壳生物炭的耐磨性显著强于小麦秸秆生物炭.生物炭的胶体产率受到生物质来源和裂解温度的显著影响,花生壳生物炭的胶体产率低于小麦秸秆生物炭,高温裂解（≥600 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率显著低于中低温裂解生物炭.在相同溶液离子强度下,生物炭胶体产率与其亚微米级碎片率呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,即生物炭中亚微米级碎片率越高,生物炭胶体产率越高.当溶液离子强度从1 mmol·L^-1增加到10 mmol·L^-1时,两种来源生物炭的胶体产率均显著降低,其降低的程度因生物炭裂解温度而异,其中低温裂解（300 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率降低了11.1%~11.2%,中高温裂解（≥ 500 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率降低了60.0%~97.2%.     

北部湾南流江流域土地覆盖及生物多样性模拟

以北部湾独流入海河流南流江流域为研究对象,基于研究区2000年和2015年遥感数据解译的土地利用数据以及社会经济等数据,采用CLUE-S模型对未来2030年生态保护情景、自然增长情景以及粮食安全情景的土地利用格局进行了模拟预测,在此基础上采用InVEST模型对流域过去和未来不同情景的生物多样性进行了评估,探讨了流域生物多样性的生境质量和生境退化程度.结果表明：2000~2015年南流江流域建设用地、园地、水域和未利用地呈现出增加趋势,其中建设用地的增幅最大,而耕地和林地减幅最大.流域土地系统中共存在着34种土地网络转移流关系,上游存在24种,中游20种,下游28种,耕地与建设用地、耕地与林地以及林地与园地之间的转换占到流域总土地利用变化的70.74%.CLUE-S模型模拟未来土地利用的Kappa系数达到0.86,表明模型模拟未来情景的土地利用精度满足要求.2000年、2015年、2030年生态保护情景、2030年自然增长情景以及2030年粮食安全情景流域生境质量总得分和平均得分分别为866630,900357,921055,876231,865370和0.7457,0.7747,0.7925,0.7539,0.7466.2030年3种情景的中上游和下游地区生物多样性都呈现出不同程度的改善趋势,而中游地区则表现出退化趋势.     

陕北不同沟道土地盐碱化现状及影响因素

沟道土地是陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区重要的土地资源。然而,当前对黄土高原沟道土地的盐碱化问题关注不够,对盐碱化的现状、发生机制和防治措施也缺乏深入系统的认识,知识储备不能满足生产实际的需要。本文以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区自然和人为形成的沟道土地为研究对象,分别是延安顾屯新造耕地(治沟造地)、延川马家湾淤地坝土地和子洲黄土洼天然古聚湫土地,在这些流域内沿沟道采集土壤样品,测定土壤的电导率(EC)、p H值、含水量及粒度,分析土壤盐碱化的现状和影响因子。结果表明:马家湾淤地坝土地盐碱化最为严重,流域中游至上游均出现不同程度的盐碱化;顾屯新造地上游出现盐碱化,盐碱化程度较马家湾轻,而黄土洼古聚湫全流域未出现盐碱化。地下水位较浅是沟道土地发生盐碱化的主要影响因素,因此陕北沟道土地盐碱化防治应着力控制地下水位,建设良好的排水系统,加强排水。     

珠三角城市群PM2.5和O3污染特征及VOCs组分敏感性分析

系统分析了珠三角城市群PM_2.5、O₃和挥发性有机物（VOCs）的污染特征,并筛选出对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）和O₃影响较大的敏感性组分。结果显示:珠三角城市群PM_2.5和O₃浓度的季节变化具有明显差异,PM_2.5和O₃分别在1月和10月出现浓度最高值。珠三角城市群VOCs主要以烷烃为主,占比为64.2%,其次为芳香烃和烯烃,含量较高的组分为丁烷、异戊烷、异丁烷和环己烷。SOA生成潜势贡献主要以芳香烃为主,占比为78.5%,其中甲苯、间,对-二甲苯和乙苯的SOA生成潜势最大。O₃生成潜势主要以烯烃为主,占比为42.3%,其次为芳香烃（34.2%）和烷烃（23.5%）,其中丙烯、异戊二烯和1-丁烯的O₃生成潜势最大。为有效缓解珠三角城市群PM_2.5和O₃污染,建议优先对机动车尾气、溶剂挥发、涂料使用和石化行业的VOCs敏感组分进行控制。     

粗放型绿色屋顶基质层对降雨出流水质影响

为研究粗放型绿色屋顶基质层对雨水出流N、P、COD和SS淋失的影响,根据华中地区降雨强度和水质实际情况,构建了3种不同基材配方的绿色屋顶基质层,在9场模拟暴雨下进行绿色屋顶的基质出流水质监测。结果表明:本试验各绿色屋顶设施对TN、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N和SS都有较好的削减作用,但对TP和PO₄3--P淋失现象明显,绿色屋顶的出流中以颗粒态P和溶解态N为主;去除出流中SS,对净化COD效果显著;生物炭的添加对出流污染物有明显的控制作用,能有效缓解降雨初期污染物浓度高的问题,同时能显著增加植物地上部生物量;厚度为5 cm的绿色屋顶出流水中N和COD较10 cm厚度低,但其SS出流平均浓度偏高,且植物后期不能维持良好的长势。粗放型绿色屋顶设施运行稳定后截污效应良好,具有较高的可行性和广阔的应用前景。     

Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

Phosphate recovery with granular acid-activated neutralized red mud: Fixed-bed column performance and breakthrough curve modelling

Granular acid-activated neutralized red mud (AaN-RM) has been successfully prepared with good chemical stability and physical strength. However, its potential for industrial application remains unknown. Therefore, the performance of granular AaN-RM for phosphate recovery in a fixed-bed column was investigated. The results demonstrated that the phosphate adsorption performance of granular AaN-RM in a fixed-bed column was affected by various operational parameters, such as the bed depth, flow rate, initial solution pH and initial phosphate concentration. With the optimal empty-bed contact time (EBCT) of 24.27 min, the number of processed bed volumes and the phosphate adsorption capacity reached 496.95 and 84.80 mg/g, respectively. Then, the saturated fixed-bed column could be effectively regenerated with a 0.5 mol/L HCl solution. The desorption efficiency remained as high as 83.45% with a low weight loss of 3.57% in the fifth regeneration cycle. In addition, breakthrough curve modelling showed that a 5-9-1 feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) could be effectively applied for the optimization of the fixed-bed adsorption system; the coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE) evaluated on the validation-testing data were 0.9987 and 0.0183, respectively. Therefore, granular AaN-RM fixed-bed adsorption exhibits promising potential for phosphate removal and recovery from polluted water.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.