基于遥感的新疆北疆积雪盖度及雪深监测

新疆北疆为雪灾多发区,准确地监测积雪分布及雪深具有十分重要的意义,可为雪灾多发区在冬季做好防灾减灾工作提供依据.目前MODIS数据主要运用归一化差分雪盖指数(NDSI)对积雪进行提取.NDSI是基于雪对可见光与近红外波段的反射特性和反射差相对大小的一种测量方法,然而它只能将像元辨别为积雪或非积雪,满足不了高精度的流域制图及雪盖提取要求.以新疆北疆为研究对象,应用MODIS数据和线性光谱混合模型提取像元内积雪所占比例(积雪盖度),并与NDSI建立关系,讨论了NDSI是否可以作为估算积雪盖度的标准,进而提高NDSI在积雪监测中的应用精度.结果表明,二者具有较好的线性关系,经过野外实测点的验证,25个点的平均绝对误差是0.06.此外,以MODIS数据与地面实测雪深资料为基础,通过分析和研究MODIS窗区通道的光谱特点,探讨了适合于积雪雪深监测最佳的MODIS通道,初步建立起应用MODIS资料监测北疆地区积雪深度的反演模型.     

汶川地震灾区过渡房安置点场地选择中的地震问题

大地震后,如何在最短的时间内在灾区选择比较安全的过渡房安置点建设场地,是一项具有挑战性的工作。本文以四川省汶川8.0级大地震后灾区群众快速安置为背景,论述了选择过渡房安置点场地必须考虑的地震问题,并提出了处理地震断层、地表裂缝、砂土液化、坍塌等实际问题的方案;利用强余震的预测结果,分析了这些灾害对场地可能造成的危害;同时对可能潜在的滑坡、危岩崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害提出相应的处理建议,供安置点规划建设参考。     

城市震后救灾系统救灾决策研究

论述了震后救灾系统模型及评估方法,采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟和最优化技术理论,建立了城市震后救灾、救护、运输网络系统的可靠性分析方法和以失效概率为控制参数的最佳路径优化方法,并以某城市网络系统为例通过分析研究,给出了震后救灾决策方法。     

荆江分洪区1998年洪水转移调查分析

对荆江分洪区１９９８年洪水期间安全转移的调查表明,叶然有分洪预案,但实际转移时仍出现了相当程度的拥挤与混乱。完善分洪转移的组织与管理,已成为分洪区居民１９９８年转移后关注的焦点,分洪区居民普遍表现出对分洪洪水情不甚了解,通过各种方式开展有关洪水的宣伟,提高区内居民的防洪意识,是荆江分洪区未来防洪减灾的重点工作之一,由于是国家为保护更重要的地区而主动分洪。对分洪区历分洪蒙受的损失给预某种形式的补偿已     

基于数字流域的水文过程模拟研究

考虑流域下垫面空间变异性,基于数字高程模型构建了数字流域,并在此基础上对描述流域水文物理过程的数学方法进行了探讨,文章认为,数字水文模型是一种有物理基础的包含大容量信息的现代模拟灌河实例研究表明,数字水文模型可以十分方便地输出水文要素和状态变量的空间分布与时间序列,这对充分利用现有观测信息进行水文信息的深层挖掘创新了条件。     

常压立式储油罐地震应力的有限元计算

采用有限元方法 ,考虑在静载和动载共同作用下 ,对常压立式拱顶储油罐的地震应力进行了计算分析 ,给出了轴向应力的分布状态 ;并与相关抗震设计规范中的验算公式得出的结果进行了比较。结果表明 :由于地震的动力作用 ,储油罐的受力状态不是均匀分布 ,出现了峰值和谷值 ,而这些应力峰值大于工业设备抗震鉴定标准和石油化工设备抗震鉴定标准中公式的计算应力值 ,这应引起足够的注意。     

隐伏断裂的地气测量及其意义

传统概念的地气测量是指地下上升到地表并扩散到大气空间的天然状态气体 ,如CO2 、CH4 、Rn、Hg、H2 等。近十多年的研究证实地气还包含着新的内涵 ,即地壳岩石以及地表土壤中还存着痕量的金属与非金属气体 ,通过捕集这些气体 ,可以获得更多的深部地质构造、矿床信息。据报导 ,国内外的研究主要是在已知矿床上做的正演研究。本文是在已知隐伏断层构造上方地表 ,试验金属与非金属地气存在的可能性。     

Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi-do, Korea

We started the monitoring for PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil in August 2001, and co-PCBs in January 2002. Decreasing of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs levels in ambient air were observed. The higher PCDD/Fs levels were found in winter and lower in autumn. We found that the industrial incinerators influenced the PCDD/Fs levels in ambient air. In the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentration profiles, the three major congeners occupied 67% of the total mass. In case of co-PCBs, PCB#118, #105 and #77 were observed as the main congeners. Five cluster groups discriminated by ratio of four components, O(8)CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H(7)CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H(7)CDF and O(8)CDF, were obtained from HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis).     

Characterization of PM2.5 aerosols dominated by local pollution and Asian dust observed at an urban site in Korea during aerosol characterization experiments (ACE)--Asia Project

Daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at Gwangju, Korea, during the Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE)-Asia Project to determine the chemical properties of PM2.5 originating from local pollution and Asian dust (AD) storms. During the study period, two significant events occurred on April 10-13 and 24-25, 2001, and a minor event occurred on April 19, 2001. Based on air mass transport pathways identified by back-trajectory calculation, the PM2.5 dataset was classified into three types of aerosol populations: local pollution and two AD aerosol types. The two AD types were transported along different pathways. One originated from Gobi desert area in Mongolia, passing through Hunshandake desert in Northern Inner Mongolia, urban and polluted regions of China (AD1), and the other originated in sandy deserts located in the Northeast Inner Mongolia Plateau and then flowed southward through the Korean peninsula (AD2). During the AD2 event, a smoke plume that originated in North Korea was transported to our study site. Mass balance closures show that crustal materials were the most significant species during both AD events, contributing -48% to the PM2.5 mass; sulfate aerosols (19.1%) and organic matter (OM; 24.6%) were the second greatest contributors during the AD1 and AD2 periods, respectively, indicating that aerosol properties were dependent on the transport pathway. The sulfate concentration constituted only 6.4% (4.5 microg/m3) of the AD2 PM2.5 mass. OM was the major chemical species in the local pollution-dominated PM2.5 aerosols, accounting for 28.7% of the measured PM2.5 mass, followed by sulfate (21.4%), nitrate (15%), ammonium (12.8%), elemental carbon (8.9%), and crustal material (6.5%). Together with substantial enhancement of the crustal elements (Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Ce), higher concentrations of pollution elements (S, V, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were observed during AD1 and AD2 than during the local pollution period, indicating that, in addition to crustal material, the AD dust storms also had a significant influence on anthropogenic elements.     

细菌信息素研究进展

有关细胞信号的研究一直是生物学研究中的热点课题,尤其是动物细胞信号系统的研究已很深入,发现了许多信号分子和信号传导途径.但对微生物而言,长期以来的认识都是微生物,特别是细菌,一般只能被动地感受环境的变化,而没有群体的效应.其中唯一的特例是粘细菌(ｍｙｘｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ),在营养缺乏的条件下,通过释放ｃＡｍｐ等信号分子,促使营养细胞聚集,形成子实体和粘孢子[1].直至70年代,Ｈａｓｔｉｎｇ等通过对海洋发光细菌Ｖｉｂｒｉｏｆｉｓｃｈｅｒｉ和Ｖｉｂｒｉｏｈａｒｖｅｙｉ的发光机制的研究,发现发光细菌本身能产生一类小分子物…