Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) was fermented, screened, gasified, then co-processed. • Co-processing MSW in cement kilns could cause excessive pollutant emissions. • Bypass flue gas can be disposed of through the main flue system. • Popular MSW co-processing methods do not affect cement quality. Cement kiln co-processing techniques have been developed in the past 20 years in China, and more than 60 factories now use fermentation, screening, and gasification pre-treatment techniques to co-process municipal solid waste (MSW). There three complete MSW pre-treatment techniques, co-processing procedures, and environmental risk assessments have been described in few publications. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of each technique. The results suggested that the pollutant content released by each pre-treatment technology was lower than the emission standard. To reveal the mechanisms of pollutant migration and enrichment, the substances in the kiln and kiln products are investigated. The input of co-processing materials (Co-M) produced by fermentation caused formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) in the bypass flue gas (By-gas) in excess of the regulatory standard. The Co-M input produced by the screening and gasifier technologies caused the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration to exceed the standard. In addition, the NO_x, TOC, and PCDD/Fs in the By-gas exceeded the regulatory standard. Raw meal was the primary chlorine and heavy metals input stream, and clinker (CK) and cement kiln dust (CKD) accounted for>90% of the total chlorine output stream. Flue gas and CKD were the primary volatile heavy metal (Hg) output streams. Greater than 70% of the semi-volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Tl and Se) distributed in hot raw meal and bypass cement kiln dust. The low-volatility heavy metals were concentrated in the CK. These results indicated that co-processing techniques used in China still require improvement.     

Study on dust–gas coupling pollution law and selection of optimal purification distance of air duct during tunneling process

During the excavation of high gas mine, gas and dust often exist at the same time. In order to ensure that the gas concentration remains within a safe range and minimize the risk of workers’ pneumoconiosis, we simulated the interaction mechanism of airflow, gas, and dust, explored the pollution law of gas and dust, and obtained the optimal purification distance (L_p) by the CFD method. The reliability of the numerical simulation was verified by field measurements. Firstly, the properties of the gas and dust affected the structure of the airflow field. At the same time, the change in the airflow field affected the concentration distributions of the gas and dust. During the diffusion process, some high-risk regions in which the gas or dust concentrations exceeded 0.80% or 200 mg/m³, respectively, were discovered. Moreover, we have found that the airflow velocity in the top region of the tunnel and at the intersection corner between the cutting face and tunnel wall was the main factor affecting the purification effects. When L_p = 5–8 m, the gas concentration remained below 0.50%. When L_p = 6 m, the dust concentration reached a minimum of 287.5 mg/m³. Therefore, the optimal purification distance was determined to be 6 m; in which case, the gas and dust concentrations decreased by 32.84% and 47.02%, respectively.

     

预浓缩-GC/MS测定空气中的27种ODS和HFCs

优化预浓缩仪二级冷阱温度和柱温箱初始温度,建立了预浓缩-气相色谱 /质谱联用(GC/MS)技术测定空气中27种消耗臭氧层物(ODS)和氢氟烃(HFCs)的分析方法。结果表明,27种ODS和HFCs峰形良好,分离度较好,校准曲线相对响应因子标准偏差为1.7%~15.9%,方法检出限为0.016~0.172 μg/m³。空白加标样品连续测定6次的相对标准偏差为0.9%~13.4%,回收率为70.4%~116%。基体加标样品连续测定6次的相对标准偏差为1.0%~7.8%,回收率为94.3%~108%。实验楼周边的环境空气以及实验室内部工作环境空气均检出不同浓度的ODS和HFCs,该方法适用于空气中ODS和HFCs的测定。     

面向设计的地铁车站防火安全韧性评价*

为提升地铁车站防火安全韧性,以设计方案为切入视角,基于防火安全韧性的吸收、抵抗、恢复和适应能力4个维度,构建基于ANP-熵权法面向设计的地铁防火安全韧性评价指标体系,运用逼近理想解法建立地铁车站防火安全韧性设计评价模型,通过3个已建地铁车站（青岛、沈阳、福州某地铁车站）的设计案例验证该模型的有效性和可行性。研究结果表明:3个应用案例中,沈阳某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最高,福州某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最低,需进一步提升防火安全能力。评价结果与各案例的实际运行阶段基本吻合,研究思路和结果对改善地铁车站的防火安全设计具有一定参考意义。     

生物可降解地膜覆盖对关中地区小麦-玉米农田温室气体排放的影响

为探究生物可降解地膜覆盖对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田生态系统温室气体排放的影响,布设了普通地膜覆盖（PM）、生物可降解地膜覆盖（BPM）和无覆盖（CK）这3个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱仪法监测了2018～2019年土壤CO₂、 CH₄和N₂O的排放通量,并用水分利用效率（WUE）、温室气体排放强度（GHGI）和净生态系统经济预算（NEEB）指标评估覆膜对作物产量、农田环境和经济效益的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,PM和BPM增加了玉米季土壤CO₂的排放,PM处理下CO₂排放总量高于BPM处理（P>0.05）.PM和BPM处理均能够显著减少土壤对CH₄的吸收,CH₄的年吸收量较CK处理分别减少了42.0%和24.2%（P<0.05）.与CK相比,PM和BPM增加了小麦季N₂O排放总量（P>0.05）,而显著降低了夏玉米季N₂O排放（P<0.05）.覆膜能够提高作物产量和水分...     

震后典型建筑物倒塌场景下压埋人员快速定位方法

现有的针对地震后压埋人员设备的定位方法主要是基于信号接收强度（Received Signal Strength Indication,RSSI）,其过程主要可以分为测距和定位两个阶段。测距阶段由于实际复杂压埋环境的限制没有匹配的无线信道模型可以直接应用。为了实现复杂震后环境压埋人员的快速搜救,通过模拟三种典型建筑物倒塌压埋空间,对获得的大量数据利用近高斯-小波分析方法实现信号的平滑输出,建立不同场景下的最优无线信道模型,将波动的参数细化到小区间,在此基础上采用改进的三维加权质心定位算法得到压埋人员三维位置的最优估计。模拟实验结果表明,该方法具有较高的定位精度,5 m×5 m范围内解算的压埋手机最大定位误差为0.3 m,平均误差为0.23 m。10 m×10 m范围内最大定位误差为0.51 m,平均误差为0.31 m。     

一种新型废旧轮胎组合拦石结构的试验研究

提出了一种由废旧轮胎组成的拦石结构,该结构用钢丝绳将废旧轮胎进行合理的绑扎,使轮胎与轮胎之间紧密连接,然后将该结构绑扎在用废旧钢轨或钢筋混凝土制作而成的柱子上面.当拦石结构受到落石冲击时,利用废旧轮胎的弹塑性变形吸收冲击能量.为了考察这种由废旧轮胎组成的拦石结构的防护效果,设计了试验模型,采用20 kg的砝码模拟落石,...     

内陆输送过程中沙尘单颗粒类型及其非均相反应

采用单颗粒分析方法对2004 年2~3 月发生在北京的3 次沙尘暴的样品中沙尘颗粒物的化学成分进行了测定.3 次沙尘暴的反向轨迹图显示,它们主要来自于中国北部、西北部和蒙古的戈壁沙漠地区,且这些沙尘颗粒主要通过高空长距离输送到下游区域.使用带能谱的扫描电镜对481 个沙尘颗粒进行分析,并根据成分特征,把这些沙尘颗粒划分为8 种类型,主要类型有“富Si”、“富Ca”、“富S”、“富Fe”.将北京样品分析结果与呼和浩特、塔克拉玛干和敦煌的结果进行对比,结果显示,长距离输送的沙尘颗粒表面发生了SO₂ 的非均相化学反应,导致部分颗粒局部的表面发生化学修改作用,且“富Ca”的碱性矿物为非均相化学反应提供了更有利的反应界面.     

土壤重金属复合污染对脲酶、磷酸酶及脱氢酶的影响

采用模拟实验对铅锌矿区重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd)复合污染土壤酶活性变化的动力学参数进行了研究.结果表明,矿区土壤酶活性随着重金属污染程度的加剧而显著降低.尾矿区土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶的V_max 平均值分别是非矿区土壤的60%、77%、38%,而土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的K_m 平均值分别是对照土壤的2.73 和2.25 倍. 逐步回归和通径分析结果表明,矿区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd 元素含量与脲酶、磷酸酶及脱氢酶V_max 和Km 之间均存在着显著或极显著的相关关系;4 种重金属元素对不同性质酶酶动力学参数的相对贡献大小存在差异,且元素之间也存在着交互效应.     

天津典型河流沉积物潜在毒性的离体生物效应评价

采用成组离体生物效应标记方法,包括鼠肝癌细胞H4IIE 测试、双杂交酵母测试和SOS/umu 测试,对天津地区的北塘排污河、永定新河和大沽排污河沉积物样品进行潜在的生物毒性筛选和评价.结果表明,3 条河流沉积物中芳烃受体效应以2,3,7,8-四氯代二毒性当量(TEQ)表示为19~1227ng/kg;类雌激素效应以17β-雌二醇当量表示为40~6203ng/kg;直接、间接遗传毒性以诱导率表示分别为1.1~3.7 和1.0~2.2.与国内外相关研究比较发现,3 条河流均存在芳烃受体活性物质、类雌激素物质和遗传毒性类物质相当水平的累积,重点污染河段为北塘排污河出口闸、永定新河的唐津高速路桥河段、大沽排污河的巨葛庄和唐港桥2 个河段.同时,永定新河的上游和北塘排污河的上游分别存在较高的芳烃受体效应和类雌激素效应.