我国水生生物水质基准推导的物种选择

水生生物水质基准旨在保护水生生物不受水体中化学物质的有害影响,是水质基准体系的重要组成部分.不同区域水生态系统的生物区系不同,导致基准值也会存在差异.在综合研究美国、欧盟、加拿大、荷兰、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家和地区在推导水生生物水质基准的物种选择及其考虑因素的基础上,初步研究我国水生生物水质基准推导的物种选择原则.结果表明:推导我国水生生物水质基准需要选择来自8科的水生生物,分别为鲤科鱼类、硬骨鱼纲中的另一科、两栖动物纲的一科、浮游动物中节肢动物门和轮虫动物门各一科、底栖动物中节肢动物门和环节动物门各一科及一种最敏感的大型水生植物(或浮游植物),可全面代表我国水生态系统不同的营养级和生命形式.      

嘉陵江重庆段DOM三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析

应用平行因子分析法对2010年6月嘉陵江重庆段水体13个取样点DOM(溶解性有机质)的三维荧光光谱进行指纹识别.结果表明,嘉陵江重庆段水体可识别出4类5个荧光组分,包括类富里酸荧光组分C1(250、320 nm/400 nm)和C4(230、340nm/450 nm)、类腐殖酸荧光组分C2(260、360 nm/450 nm)、浮游生物产生的荧光组分C3(260 nm/380 nm)和类蛋白物质荧光组分C5(280 nm/330 nm).它们的贡献率依次为类富里酸18%～38%,类腐殖酸11%～18%,浮游植物8%～22%,类蛋白物质33%～49%.嘉陵江重庆段水体的有机物污染主要以来自工业、生活污水和其他人为活动产生的陆源污染输入为主,其次是浮游植物和水体微生物代谢产生的污染.13个取样点的总荧光强度在空间分布上由西到东呈"升高—降低—升高—降低"的趋势.      

水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应

采用水培试验的方法,研究了不同Cd胁迫浓度〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0、1、5、10和20 mg/L〕下秋华柳的生长、光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特性和转移能力.结果表明:①随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳生长所受到的抑制程度有所增加.除20 mg/L处理组外,其余各处理组的耐性指数(TI)均大于70,表现出较高的耐性.②低Cd胁迫浓度(1 mg/L)下秋华柳具有较好的光合耐性,当Cd胁迫浓度达到20 mg/L时,秋华柳的光合系统才受到明显影响.③秋华柳对外源Cd的富集能力较强,随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳所积累的Cd显著增加且主要积累于根部,表现为叶<茎<根.当Cd胁迫浓度小于5 mg/L时,秋华柳根部吸收的Cd向地上部分转移的效果较好.试验显示,秋华柳对于较低Cd胁迫浓度(≤10 mg/L)具有较好的耐受性和富集能力,可用于三峡库区消落带表层土壤Cd污染严重区域进行植物修复.      

长山河水质评价及变化趋势分析

以2015 ～2019年长山河4个水质监测站的监测数据为基础,采用综合水质标识指数法对其历年水质进行评价,利用季节性kendall检验法对各监测断面的高锰酸盐指数,氨氮,总磷等3个监测指标变化趋势进行分析.结果 表明:长山河各断面的综合水质均达到或优于水功能区目标要求,水质污染总体呈下降趋势,其中长山河大桥和长山闸一号...     

Evaluation of acidity in late Permian outcrop coals and its association with endemic fluorosis in the border area of Yunnan,Guizhou, and Sichuan in China

The junction area of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces is the heaviest coal-burning endemic fluorosis zones in China. To better understand the pathogenicity of endemic fluorosis in this area, 87 coal samples from the late Permian outcrop or semi-outcrop coal seams were collected in eight counties of the junction area of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces. The total fluorine and sulfate content, etc. in the coal was determined using combustion-hydrolysis/fluoride-ion-selective electrode method and ion chromatography, respectively. The results show that the total fluorine concentrations in the samples ranged from 44 to 382 µg g^?1, with an average of 127 µg g^?1. The average pH of the coals is 5.03 (1.86–8.62), and the sulfate content varied from 249 to 64,706 µg g^?1 (average 7127 µg g^?1). In addition, the coals were medium- and high-sulfur coals, with sulfur mass fraction ranging from 0.08 to 13.41%. By heating the outcrop coals, HF release from the coal was verified quantitatively without exception, while simulated combustion directly confirmed the release of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). The acid in coal may be in the form of acidic sulfate (\({\text{HSO}}_{4}^{ - }\)/H₂SO₄) because of a positive relationship between pH and \(p\left( {{\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } } \right)\) in the acidic coal. The possible reaction mechanism would be that a chemical reaction between the acid (H₂SO₄ or \({\text{HSO}}_{4}^{ - }\)) and fluorine in the coal occurred, thereby producing hydrogen fluoride (HF), which would be the chemical form of fluorine released from coal under relatively mild conditions. The unique chemical and physical property of HF may bring new insight into the pathogenic mechanism of coal-burning endemic fluorosis. The phenomenon of coal-burning fluorosis is not limited to the study area, but is common in southwest China and elsewhere. Further investigation is needed to determine whether other endemic fluorosis areas are affected by this phenomenon.     

中国道路交通部门减排技术及成本研究

道路交通作为交通部门碳排放的重要来源,将在实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标的过程中承担重任。碳减排技术成本的研究有利于平衡道路交通机动化发展和"碳达峰、碳中和"目标的实现,是实现道路交通可持续发展的重要措施。为此,基于乘用车、商用客车、轻型商用货车和重型商用货车等车型,结合发动机技术、变速器技术、辅助系统技术和整车技术和新能源车应用等16种关键节能减排技术的减排潜力和成本,建立了2020-2035年我国道路交通碳排放的边际减排成本（MAC）曲线,评估了通过推广车辆节能技术和新能源车等措施来实现减排目标的累积成本。主要得到以下结论:1）相同的车辆节能减排技术,应用在重型商用货车的单位减排成本远小于其他车型,新能源车在乘用车的应用具有很大的减排潜力,但是与其他车型相比并不具有成本优势。2）燃料电池新能源车的单位减排成本远高于纯电动和插电混合动力新能源车,未来需降低燃料电池的生产成本以及氢气的制备、储存和运输成本。3）2020-2035年的减排总成本曲线显示总减排成本先增加后下降的趋势,这表明随着节能减排技术的合理推广,该部门减排阻力在不断下降。     

Effects of different endogenous fungi on the mass loss and nutrient content of leaf litter of Cunninghamia lanceolata北大核心CSCD

To explore the role of endophytic fungi in the decomposition of litter, the endophytic fungi Penicillium sp. strain CG2 (A), Fusarium flavum strain AY13 (B), and Talaromyces strain AJ14 (C) of Cunninghamia lanceolata were added to experimental pots in different forms (mycelium, sterilized fermentation broth, single fungus, and mixed fungi), and a control treatment (CK) was set up (no fungi added). At 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after litter decomposition, a study on the decomposition dynamics of C. lanceolata litter under different treatments was performed. The results showed that the rate of leaf mass loss was the highest in the sterilized fermentation broth treatment A after 120 days, and that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mycelium treatment AC and the control treatment after 60 days (23.97% higher than the control group). On day 60, the litter carbon content from the mycelium treatment A was significantly different from that of the control (P < 0.05), showing a 16.74% lower value, whereas the litter carbon content of the mycelium treatment B was 21.13% lower than that of the control after 90 days. The nitrogen content of the litters of most mycelium and sterilized fermentation broth treatments was increased compared to that of the control group; there was significant difference (P < 0.05) between the sterilized fermentation broth treatment A and the control (P < 0.05), with a 17.05% higher value than that of the control. Similar to nitrogen, the litter phosphorus content also increased; there was a statistically significant difference between the mycelium treatment A and the control group, with treatment A showing a 46.67% higher value than the control group. The potassium content was 28% lower than that of the control group under the sterilized fermentation broth treatment C, a result that was significantly different from that of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment for 90 days, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was the lowest under the treatments with the mycelium A and the mycelium B, with values 25.54% and 25.11% lower than that of the control group, respectively, and a statistically significant difference from that of the control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of carbon to phosphorus was the lowest under the treatment with mycelium A after 60 days, and the result was significantly different from that of the control (P < 0.05), with a 43.05% lower value than the control. Thus, the three endophytic fungi had different effects on the mass loss rate and nutrient content of the litter. The Penicillium sp. strain CG2 (A) had statistically significant effects on the mass loss and nutrient content of leaf litter, which was within the range of fungi fertilizer reference values for the breeding of C. lanceolata. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于GC-QTOF/MS的大气中有机污染物的非靶标筛查及半定量分析

本文借助气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱仪(GC-QTOF/MS)开展了大气中有机污染物的非靶标筛查,并对识别出的特征污染物进行半定量分析.基于高分辨质谱数据库和NIST质谱数据库的匹配,样品中共识别出139种污染物,主要以多环芳烃(PAHs)及其衍生物、邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)为主;除此之外,还识别出多种尚未受到监管的杂环类化合物,例如苯并噻唑、四甲基哌啶酮、1-甲基-2吡咯烷酮、氧杂蒽等.识别出的有机污染物半定量浓度为288 ng·m-3,其中大气常规监测的16种PAHs的浓度是18.1 ng·m-3,仅占总浓度的6.28％.PAEs的浓度为44.6 ng·m-3,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的浓度最高(14.8 ng·m-3).以含氮、氧、硫为主的杂环化合物浓度是47.9 ng·m-3,其中苯并噻唑浓度最高,为9.51 ng·m-3;其次是1-甲基-2吡咯烷酮、四甲基哌啶酮、尼古丁和二苯并呋喃,浓度分别为9.22、8.78、5.11、4.15 ng·m-3.本研究展示了高分辨质谱技术在未知物识别中的优势,并对识别出的特征污染物进行了半定量分析,其结果能够为后期污染物的风险评估提供借鉴意义.     

实物型水资源资产负债表表式结构设计

论文在阐述资产负债表基本概念和原理的基础上,遵循会计恒等式、复式记账规则和权责发生制的记账基础,结合我国水资源管理的实际,提出了基于会计学的水权益实体水资源资产负债表表式结构和基于统计学、经济学的国家（地区）水资源资产负债表表式结构,从而实现能够反映水权益实体之间和经济体与环境之间关于水资源资产的债务债权关系的水资源资产核算,实现国家和行政区层面的水资源资产负债核算,为生态文明体系建设、自然资源资产核算、领导干部离任审计考核等提供必要的基础信息,也为进一步完善水资源资产负债表账户体系奠定基础。     

Cu2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼胚胎早期发育的联合毒性

采用斑马鱼胚胎早期发育技术,测定Cu2+和Cd2+ 2种重金属对胚胎发育的毒性效应. 以24 h致死和72 h胚胎孵化抑制为毒性终点,2种重金属的剂量-效应曲线可用Weibull函数或Logit函数有效描述,由最佳拟合函数计算得出半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)或半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)为毒性效应的评价标准,2个毒性终点的重金属毒性大小顺序均为Cu2+>Cd2+. 应用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2种模型,对72 h孵化抑制率的无观测效应浓度(NOEC)配比混合物的联合毒性作用进行了预测,通过混合物试验观测数据的95%置信区间与CA模型和IA模型预测的剂量-效应曲线进行比较分析表明,2种模型都可以有效预测斑马鱼胚胎孵化的联合毒性.