电喷汽油机燃用乙醇/汽油混合燃料排放及催化转化特性研究

研究多点电喷汽油机燃用不同掺混比的乙醇/汽油混合燃料时的排放及催化器的转化性能.结果表明,在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下,与汽油机相比,乙醇/汽油混合燃料汽油机催化器之前的CO排放降低,降幅接近15%;HC排放在大负荷时略有升高;NOx排放基本相同;乙醇对排放物催化转换效率的影响与电喷汽油机的转速、负荷和空燃比控制策略有关.用气相色谱分析仪测录的未燃乙醇排放在大负荷时略有升高,甲醇排放量变化不大,乙醛排放量随乙醇含量增大而增大,经三效催化转化器后,可以被控制在接近零排放的水平.在怠速工况,随乙醇含量增加,CO、HC和NOx的排放与汽油机相比略有降低.     

ArcGIS Engine在城市地表水环境评价管理中的应用

文章介绍了ArcGIS Engine(组件式GIS)技术,利用VB结合ArcGIS Engine开发"城市地表水环境信息管理系统",并对系统目标、结构、数据库的建立、主要功能以及水质模型与GIS的集成方式和具体实现做了阐述.该系统将组件式GIS技术与水质模型相结合,为城市地表水环境评价管理提供了一种方便有效的数字化工具,对于控制城市地表水环境污染、改善城市地表水环境质量有积极意义.     

输油管道腐蚀的修复方法

采用各种修复技术恢复腐蚀输油管道的完好性,对于确保其正常运营具有重要意义.综述了工程上广泛应用的各种修复技术及修复工艺.     

A Bayesian approach to retransformation bias in transformed regression

Ecological data analysis often involves fitting linear or nonlinear equations to data after transforming either the response variable, the right side of the equation, or both, so that the standard suite of regression assumptions are more closely met. However, inference is usually done in the natural metric and it is well known that retransforming back to the original metric provides a biased estimator for the mean of the response variable. For the normal linear model, fit under a log-transformation, correction factors are available to reduce this bias, but these factors may not be generally applicable to all model forms or other transformations. We demonstrate that this problem is handled in a straightforward manner using a Bayesian approach, which is general for linear and nonlinear models and other transformations and model error structures. The Bayesian framework provides a predictive distribution for the response variable so that inference can be made at the mean, or over the entire distribution to incorporate the predictive uncertainty.     

Sorption of organic pollutants by marine sediments: implication for the role of particulate organic matter

The objective of this study was to quantify sorption properties for kerogen/black carbon (BC)-bearing sediments. Single-solute sorption isotherms were measured for five pristine marine sediments using phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene as the sorbates. The results showed that the sorption isotherms were nonlinear and that the organic carbon normalized single point K_OC values were comparable to those reported in the literature for the purified keorgen and BC, but are much higher than the data reported for HA and kerogen/BC-containing terrestrial soils and sediments. It is likely that koergen and BC associated with these pristine marine sediments may not be encapsulated with humic acids or Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides as often do in terrestrial soils and sediments. As a result, they may be fully accessible to sorbing molecules, exhibiting higher sorption capacities. The study suggests that competition from background HOCs and reduced accessibility when kerogen and BC are associated with terrestrial sediments may dramatically increase variability of sorption reactivities of geosorbents. Such variability may lead to large uncertainties in the prediction of sorption from the contents of kerogen and/or BC along with TOC.     

Distribution and loadings of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Xijiang River in Guangdong, South China

The Xijiang River is the major tributary of the Pearl River, South China, and is the major source water system for more than 4.5 million of urban population and 28.7 million of rural population. We initiated a systematic study on detection and quantification of organic pollutants in both water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) for samples collected in a span of 12 months. Our results showed that total concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 21.7 to 138 ng l(-1) in water and from 40.9 to 665 microg kg(-1) in SPM. The organic carbon normalized distribution coefficients (K(OC)) computed for the PAHs were correlated well with their octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)). The estimated annual loadings of Ant, BaA, and BghiP and the total PAHs in the Xijiang River were 1620, 330, 177 and 19,400 kg, respectively. Further analysis of the data showed that combustion may be the major source of PAHs and that direct leakage of petroleum products may be insignificant.     

Sorption, degradation and mobility of microcystins in Chinese agriculture soils: Risk assessment for groundwater protection

In the present paper, sorption, persistence, and leaching behavior of three microcystin variants in Chinese agriculture soils were examined. Based on this study, the values of capacity factor and slope for three MCs variants in three soils ranged from 0.69 to 6.00, and 1.01 to 1.54, respectively. The adsorption of MCs in the soils decreased in the following order: RR > Dha7 LR > LR. Furthermore, for each MC variant in the three soils, the adsorption rate in the soils decreased in the following order: soil A > soil C > soil B. The calculated half-time ranged between 7.9 and 17.8 days for MC-RR, 6.0-17.1 days for MC-LR, and 7.1-10.2 days for MC-Dha7 LR. Results from leaching experiments demonstrated that recoveries of toxins in leachates ranged from 0-16.7% for RR, 73.2-88.9% for LR, and 8.9-73.1% for Dha7 LR. The GUS value ranged from 1.48 to 2.06 for RR, 1.82-2.88 for LR, and 1.76-2.09 for Dha7 LR. Results demonstrated the use of cyanobacterial collections as plant fertilizer is likely to be unsafe in soils.     

Characteristics of Asian dust transport based on synoptic meteorological analysis over Korea

Classification of synoptic patterns and their correlation with dust events over East Asia were performed by means of cluster analysis. The average linkage and K-means clustering techniques were used to identify two major weather types during Asian dust events (ADEs; total 26 ADEs with 47 dusty days) of six spring seasons from 1996 to 2001. The first weather type mainly influenced neighboring Asian countries and frequently occurred with ADEs (approximately 23% of ADE cases). It mostly occurred under a surface high (low)-pressure system over the west (east) of the Korean peninsula coupled with an upper-level trough and cutoff low passage over the center of the Korean peninsula. It showed strong advection in the middle/ upper troposphere with both a high aerosol index and enhanced coarse particulate matter (PM) loading over Korea. In contrast, the second weather type was mostly associated with long distance or continental-scale transport and occurred less frequently with ADEs (approximately 15%). It appeared with an upper-level trough and a cutoff low vertically connected with a surface low system that was formed by a strong cyclonic vortex over the north of the Korean peninsula. There were weak advection, low aerosol index, and low coarse PM concentration over the Korean peninsula during the second weather type. In addition, it was found to be mostly associated with the trans-Pacific transport of Asian dust to the western coast of North America.     

Measurement of estrogenic activity in sediments from Haihe and Dagu River, China

Sediments from two rivers in China, the Haihe and Dagu Rivers, were examined for estrogenic activity using an estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated in vitro bioassay system. ER-active compounds were isolated from sediments by Soxhlet extraction, and the crude extracts were fractionated using a florisil column into three fractions. The estrogenic activity of each extract was detected by measuring luciferase activity in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 transfected with a luciferase receptor gene. Significant estrogenic activity was observed in each total extract. The 17beta-estradiol equivalents (E2-EQs) ranged from 8.24 to 95.28 ng E2 g(-1) dw. As a result, the relative estrogenic potencies of three fractions in this study descended in the order of Fraction 3>Fraction 2>Fraction 1. The results of the bioassay analysis indicated the heavy pollution status of these sites with estrogenic contaminants. In this study, five selected chemicals, the natural estrogens 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), and the xeno-estrogens 4-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP), and Bisphenol A (BPA) were also analyzed using the in vitro bioassay. The estrogenic activity of these chemicals were E2>E1>NP>OP>BPA.     

提高全员HSE培训质量的几种有效作法

HSE培训是提高员THSE意识，确保安全生产稳定局面的有效途径。河南油田井下作业队伍专业化整合以来，通过制定切实可行的培训计划、合理划分培训层次，采用灵活的培训方式和持续严密的考核，使全员的HSE培训收到了预期的效果。本文结合工作实际，对如何提高全员HSE培训质量进行探讨。