Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county of Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) size distribution were measured at Jhu-Shan (a rural site) and Sin-Gang (a town site) in central Taiwan during the rice straw burning and non-burning periods. The concentrations of total PAHs accounting for a roughly 58% (34%) increment in the concentrations of total PAHs due to rice-straw burning. Combustion-related PAHs during burning periods were 1.54–2.57 times higher than those during non-burning periods. The mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.88–1.21 m in the particulate phase suggested that rice-straw burning generated the increase in coarse particle number. Chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model analyses showed that the primary pollution sources at the two sites were similar. However, ricestraw burning emission was specifically identified as a significant source of PAH during burning periods at the two sites. Open burning of rice straws was estimated to contribute approximately 6.3%–24.6% to total atmospheric PAHs at the two sites.     

建筑市场的安全监管

近年来,建筑安全生产形势一直比较严峻,重大安全事故呈上升趋势.针对我国建筑业安全事故频繁且对我国建筑业造成严重不良影响的现状,分别建立了市场准入和施工安全监管博弈模型,通过分析上述博弈模型,提出了一些解决办法以降低安全事故发生率.     

鞍山市有机氯农药土—气交换研究

通过对鞍山市典型区域(6个污染源、4个居住区、一个对照点)土壤及大气中有机氯农药(organochlorine pesicides,OCPs)的监测,利用逸度及逸度模型的相关概念计算鞍山市有机氯农药类污染物土-气交换的迁移方向及交换通量。OCPs土-气交换现状表明,土壤仍是OCPs主要储存地。各点位检出有机氯农药组分数据为83个,土-气交换通量范围在-28.4~1518 g/(km2·月)之间,其中污染物由空气相向土壤相迁移占比9.6%,其余均呈现由土壤相向空气相迁移;对照点千山只检出两种污染物,通量值只有3.37 g/(km2·月);各点位污染物中,3种六六六(HCHs)交换通量占比最大,占总交换量的43%~95%。     

Interaction between Cu2+ and different types of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron during their transport in porous media

This study investigated the interaction between Cu²⁺ and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) coated with three types of stabilizers (i.e., polyacrylic acid [PAA], Tween-20 and starch) by examining the Cu²⁺ uptake, colloidal stability and mobility of surface-modified NZVI (SM-NZVI) in the presence of Cu²⁺. The uptake of Cu²⁺ by SM-NZVI and the colloidal stability of the Cu-bearing SM-NZVI were examined in batch tests. The results showed that NZVI coated with different modifiers exhibited different affinities for Cu²⁺, which resulted in varying colloidal stability of different SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺. The presence of Cu²⁺ exerted a slight influence on the aggregation and settling of NZVI modified with PAA or Tween-20. However, the presence of Cu²⁺ caused significant aggregation and sedimentation of starch-modified NZVI, which is due to Cu²⁺ complexation with the starch molecules coated on the surface of the particles. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the co-transport of Cu²⁺ in association with SM-NZVI in water-saturated quartz sand. It was presumed that a physical straining mechanism accounted for the retention of Cu-bearing SM-NZVI in the porous media. Moreover, the enhanced aggregation of SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺ may be contributing to this straining effect.     

外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能研究∗

为探究外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能,通过现场热响应试验,利用热源理论初步分析其岩土综合导热系数,建立三维传热数值模型并进行验证。利用三维传热数值模型分析换热管间距及其导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数等因素对该新型桩换热性能的影响。分析结果表明,试桩区域岩土综合导热系数为1.64W(m·K)-1。提高换热管间距、换热管导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数均能提高能源桩的换热性能,但当换热管间距大于0.25 m,换热液流速达到紊流态,换热管和桩周水泥土导热系数高于岩土综合导热系数后,提高上述参数对能源桩换热性能的提高贡献不大。     

深圳妈湾电厂温排水海洋生态影响回顾性评价

沿海地区电厂温排水在物理、化学、生物等方面对附近海域温度造成的影响越来越受到人们的关注。本文采用现场实测与数值模拟相结合的方法,确定电厂温排水的影响范围,模拟受纳水域的温升分布,评价温排水对海洋生态环境的影响程度,以期为近海海域热污染防治提供技术依据。     

换气式降温服的实验评价研究

利用出汗暖体假人Walter对换气式降温服的冷却性能进行评价,通过穿着降温服前后对假人皮表温度、衣内湿度、输出功率测试数据对比,结果表明在环境温度40℃以下相对湿度55%的条件下,穿着降温服皮表温度维持在36℃,衣内相对湿度维持在60%左右,制冷量在100w～170w,能够满足工作人员从事中等体力型活动,具有很好的应用价值。     

施用硫磺和ALA对碱性盐土上作物生长发育及土壤性质的影响

寻求行之有效的盐渍化土壤改良措施,对于农业可持续发展具有重要理论和实践意义.采用盆栽试验,探讨了施用硫磺和喷施ALA对碱性盐土上冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗生长发育及土壤性质变化的影响.结果表明,无论施用石膏、硫磺还是喷施ALA,对于小麦生长均有明显促进作用,其中硫磺效果更为明显;施用硫磺显著提高了后一茬玉米的出苗率,同时土壤中SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2-含量显著增加,但施硫降低土壤pH的作用较为有限;而施用ALA对土壤pH和盐分均无明显影响.这表明施加硫磺可以使盐渍化土壤的性质发生明显改变;ALA的效果则必须在作物苗期生长良好的前提下,通过提高作物自身的抗盐性来实现.     

燃煤氟中毒地区民用高氟煤的氟释放规律

实验室模拟实验和农户家中的现场测定表明,室内空气氟含量与民用煤的氟含量呈正相关趋势(R=0.612, p<0.01);但在民用炉燃烧温度条件下的煤氟释放率却与煤氟含量无关.在200～1200℃范围内,煤氟释放率随温度的变化曲线呈"S"型,即300℃时开始逐渐上升,700℃前较低,最高不超过31%,700℃至1000℃之间,则释放率迅速上升,随后较为缓慢,到1100℃至1200℃时,释放率接近100%,其整个释放曲线可用Logistic方程来拟合.总体上,煤氟释放与煤氟的存在状态和煤中的矿物及化学组成有关,贵州烟煤、无烟煤氟的燃烧释放要比陕南石煤更快,前者的释放率在1100℃时就接近100%,而后者则到1200℃时才释放完全.民用炉的燃烧温度最高为1000℃左右,这时贵州烟煤、无烟煤样品的平均氟释放率为86.9%,而陕南石煤样品的平均氟释放率为80.6%.     

Solid waste management of small island developing states—the case of the Seychelles: a systemic and collaborative study of Swiss and Seychellois students to support policy

Solid waste management (SWM) is a significant challenge for the Seychelles. Waste generation, fueled by economic development and tourism, increases steadily, while landfilling continues to be the main disposal path, thus exacerbating the island nation’s specific weaknesses. Due to the small scale of the Seychelles economy, there is little capital available to stimulate innovations in SWM and generate the knowledge for setting priorities and guiding SWM action. Students from ETH Zurich and UniSey conducted a transdisciplinary case study (tdCS) to fill this knowledge gap and gain insights into the obstacles and opportunities related to sustainable SWM. The tdCS approach allowed students to gain comprehensive and in-depth knowledge about the SWM system required to set priorities for action and next steps. The government should streamline the different financial frameworks according to a clear principle (e.g., polluter pays principle). Specific biogenic waste streams represent a potential source of energy and fertilizers. Expanding the scope and densifying the network of collection points could help raise recycling rates of other waste fractions. Diverting biogenic waste and recycling more glass, metals, paper, and plastics would also significantly reduce landfilling rates. Regardless of future amounts of waste ending up on landfills, the latter must be reengineered before the surrounding environment suffers major adverse impacts. All these actions imply a government-driven approach which integrates the views of stakeholders and consumers alike.