Study of factors affecting on the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils using open-vessel focused microwave-assisted extraction

As part of an evaluation of focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE) using an open-vessel system, the effects of matrix, moisture content, ageing, and solvent have been studied on the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from spiked soils. PAHs were spiked onto three different uncontaminated air dried and originally wet soil matrices with 1- and 20-day ageing periods. Solvents used were hexane–acetone (1:1), cyclohexane–acetone (1:1) and dichloromethane. FMAE only required a small amount of solvent (20 ml) and short extraction time (10 min) in the open cell under 90 W of microwave power. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency strongly depends on the nature of soil matrix; moisture content may enhance the recoveries of PAHs for many cases; and, the influence of the type of solvent is not significant. A comparison between microwave extraction and 16-h Soxhlet extraction has been made on spiked soils. It evidenced that the microwave method under ambient pressure is a suitable alternative to Soxhlet method for the analysis of PAHs in soils. For the evaluation of the developed FMAE method, three reference materials were used. The PAHs recovered from three reference materials were in a good agreement with reference values.     

A statistics-based system for treatment plant operation

This paper describes work toward development of a convenient computer system to improve everyday operation and control of the wastewater treatment process. The goal is to help the operator detect the problems in the process and to select appropriate control actions. The system comprises subsystems for a data base management, data analysis including several statistical methods, and an expert advisory system. The statistical methods investigated include construction of external reference distributions, computation of moving averages, graphical methods, discriminant functions for early detection of upsets, and several kinds of control charts. The latter two methods are still under development and are not built into the system. Reference distributions are used to help define the fuzzy terms such as high and low for the conditions of the variables involved in the expert system control rules. The system is written in dBase-III and Lotus-123 and has a user-friendly interface for the communication between the user and the system.     

Source profiles and ozone formation potentials of volatile organic compounds in three traffic tunnels in Kaohsiung,Taiwan

Twenty-five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) up to C10 were measured using Carbotrap multibed thermal adsorption tubes during the morning and afternoon rush hours on four different days in all three traffic tunnels in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a flame-ionization detector (FID) was then used to analyze the VOCs. The analytical results show that VOC concentrations increase with traffic flow rate, and emission profiles in the three tunnels are mostly in the range C2-C6. In addition to the traffic conditions and vehicle type, the pattern of emissions in each tunnel was also influenced by other factors, such as vehicle age, nearby pollution sources, and the spatial or temporal variation of VOCs in the urban atmosphere. The ozone formation potential (OFP) in each tunnel was assessed based on the maximum incremental reactivities of the organic species, demonstrating that OFP increases with traffic flow rate. Vehicle distribution influences the contributions of organic group to OFP in a tunnel. Meanwhile, when ranked in descending order of contribution to OFP in all tunnels, the organic groups followed the sequence olefins, aromatics, and paraffins.     

浑太源区生态环境承载力研究

对浑河、太子河上游源头区自然植被净第一性生产力、水资源容量和土地资源人口承载力进行了分析和评价。结果表明，浑太源区植被生产力较强，但水资源分配不均匀，土地实际承载人口数量超标。因此，适当控制当地经济发展和人口数量的增长对于浑太源头区的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Analysis of vapor phase organics in air of Beijing, Langfang and Tianjin by capillary GC and GC/MS

The vapor phase organics (VPOs) in the air of Beijing, Langfang and Tianjin were detected by a capillary gas chromatography and GC/MS during the winter and the summer separately. The tentatively identified compounds include alkanes, cyclic hydrocarbons, alkenes, aromatics, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, halocarbons and so on. The numbers of VPOs found are 118 in Beijing, 83 in Lang-fang and 65 in Tianjin in the winter, and 56, 39 and 72 in the summer respectively. Based on the data of some representative compounds determined quantitatively by GC and GC/MS, a profile of organic pollution in the air of the three cities is presented.     

生物接触氧化处理槽内水流混掺特性的研究

对生物接触氧化处理槽内水流的混掺特性进行了分析，推导提出了水流完全混掺的判断条件，短流水量及处理槽长度的计算式，并用试验值和一实际工程现场测试结果进行了验证，结果表明，计算式与实例结果吻合较好。     

多氯联苯的微生物降解

以多氯联苯(PCB)为唯一碳源,通过选择性富集培养,从变电站变压器油污染的土样中分离出25株PCB降解菌,底物生长试验结果表明,它们可以利用多种PCB作为唯一碳源,对其中三株菌作了鉴定,都属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)用气相色谱法和氯离子测定法检测了八株菌对各种PCB的降解能力,降解率一般为20—50%,高的可达60—100%,降解能力随含氯量的增高而降低,不同异构体降解的难易程度有很大差别,在PCB的降解中有氯离子的释放。     

铬渣的无害化处理及在建材工业上的应用

铬渣产生量大，毒性强，严重污染环境危害人体健康。本文介绍了铬渣各种无害化处理方法的解毒机理和实践应用，在无害化处理的基础上，阐述了铬渣在建材工业上的应用，并就铬渣的污染防治提出了建议。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游地区宜林荒地造林探讨

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游地区,或称“一江两河”地区是西藏的重点开发区和人工造林重点地区。据我们野外调查勾绘,本区河谷地区现有荒地资源 75 296ha,其中宜林荒地29 911ha,占荒地资源的39.70％。根据立地条件及砾沙含量等因子,我们将本区宜林荒地分成4种立地类型和4种土壤类型。在各立地类型中,以河谷卵石滩地为多,其次为流动沙丘及流沙坡地;宜林荒地的土壤类型则主要是沙地,土壤肥力较好的壤化粉砂土和壤土仅占 15.24％,其林木年生长量可达 5.5m³/ha 以上。本区同一地域上的林木生产力随砾石含量而变化很大,据我们测定,不同砾石量立地上的北京杨,其材积生长量差异达9倍之多。因此,土壤改良是本区造林工作中的重要问题之一。根据本区条件,宜林荒地的利用主要是营造以薪柴和防护效益为主的薪炭林和防风固沙林,因地区而异;宜林荒地的开发可分三期进行,“八五”期间主要开发艾马岗、江当宜林荒地,认真搞好“3357”工程建设,进一步搞好年楚河的整治和林草带建设,逐步绿化雅江荒地沙滩,大力做好防护林网的建设工作,使林业在国民经济发展中起到更大的作用。     

3S技术在生态环境质量监测与评价中的应用

以中巴地球资源卫星(CBERS-1)和美国陆地卫星TM(Landsat TM)遥感信息为数据源,采用3S(GPS、RS、GIS)技术对抚顺生态环境质量进行了评价,结果表明,研究区内景观空间格局基本构型以森林为主的景观结构,生态体系功能状况较好。