Superior trichloroethylene removal from water by sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron/graphene aerogel composite

Sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) is a promising material for removal of organic pollutants from water, but S-nZVI nanoparticles (NPs) easily agglomerate and have poor contact with organic contaminants. Herein, we propose a new S-nZVI/graphene aerogel (S-nZVI/GA) composite which exhibits superior removal capability for trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Three-dimensional porous graphene aerogel (GA) can improve the efficiency of electron transport, enhance the adsorption of organic pollutants and restrain the agglomeration of the core-shell S-nZVI NPs. The TCE removal rates of FeS, nZVI, GA and S-nZVI were 27.8%, 42%, 63% and 75% in 2?hr, respectively. Furthermore, TCE was completely removed within 50?min by S-nZVI/GA. The TCE removal rate increased with increasing pH and temperature, and TCE removal followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results demonstrate the great potential of S-nZVI/GA composite as a low-cost, easily separated and superior monolithic adsorbent for removal of organic pollutants.     

铟掺杂PbO2电极制备及电催化降解强力霉素

采用电沉积技术制备了铟掺杂PbO₂电极 （In-PbO₂）. 利用扫描电子显微镜 （SEM）、X射线衍射 （XRD）、循环伏安 （CV）、极化曲线 （LSV）、强化寿命试验和荧光光谱分析了铟掺杂对电极物理、电化学性能的影响,并考察了铟掺杂PbO₂电极对强力霉素模拟废水的电催化降解能力.结果表明,与未掺杂PbO₂电极相比, In掺杂后PbO₂电极表面更加平整致密,裂纹数量减少,晶粒明显细化,比表面积增加,产生羟基自由基的能力增强.当掺杂量为2g/L,制备的电极电化学性能最高,析氧电位最高（1.73V）,电极强化寿命从84h提高到148h.电解150min后,强力霉素降解率、TOC去除率、矿化电流效率（MCE）分别为98.2%、30.4%和3.01%,优于未掺杂PbO₂电极（90.1%、26.4 %、2.63%）.     

Effect of sodium alginate on phosphorus recovery by vivianite precipitation

There are good prospects for phosphorus recovery from excess sludge by vivianite crystallization while a large number of extracellular polymeric substances in sludge will have impact on vivianite precipitation. In this study, as a representative of extracellular polymeric substance, the effect of sodium alginate (SA) on phosphorus recovery by vivianite precipitation under different initial SA concentrations (0–800 mg/L), pH values (6.5–9.0) and Fe/P molar ratios (1:1–2.4:1) was investigated using synthetic wastewater. The results showed that SA in low concentrations (≤400 mg/L) had little inhibitory effect on the phosphorus recovery rate. However, when the concentration of SA was larger than 400 mg/L, the phosphorus recovery rate decreased significantly with increasing SA concentrations. The inhibition rate of 800 mg/L SA was about 3 times as large as that of 400 mg/L SA. It was worth noting that the inhibitory effect of SA on vivianite precipitation decreased with increasing initial pH and Fe/P molar ratios. Additionally, SA has no obvious influence on the composition of products, but the morphology of harvested crystals was transformed from branches to plates or rods in uneven sizes.     

600MW燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性实验研究

使用USEPA Method 29方法对600MW燃煤电厂SCR、ESP和WFGD前后4个测点进行烟气痕量元素同时取样,研究了12种痕量元素（Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb）的排放特性.结果表明：整个电厂系统、锅炉、SCR、ESP和WFGD中痕量元素的质量平衡率都在可接受范围内,实验结果准确可靠.这12种痕量元素主要分布于ESP飞灰中,相对分布率为69.97%~98.79%.底渣中痕量元素的相对富集指数在0.04~0.51之间,ESP飞灰中痕量元素的相对富集系数在0.3~1.23之间.ESP飞灰中的As、Cd和Pb以及WFGD废水中的Mn、Co和Ni可能会对土壤和地下水产生污染,需要引起关注.12种痕量元素向大气中的排放浓度位于0.02~12.57μg/m³之间,排放因子位于的0.01~2.13g/10¹²J之间,Ni、As、Cd和Pb这4种元素的排放浓度分别达到2.04、0.13、0.02和3.35μg/m³,都远超欧盟空气质量标准中的排放限值,需要加以重视进行限制.     

Water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation interaction: Field study on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice agroecosystem in Harbin, China

Water regime and nitrogen (N) fertilizer are two important factors impacting greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from paddy field, whereas their effects have not been well studied in cold region. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment to study the impacts of water regime and N fertilizer on rice yields and GHG emissions in Harbin, China, a cold region located in high latitudes. Our results showed that intermittent irrigation significantly decreased methane (CH₄) emission compared with continuous flooding, however, the decrement was far lower than the global average level. The N₂O emissions were very small when flooded but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. The N fertilizer treatments increased CH₄ emissions at low level (75kgN/ha). But both CH₄ and N₂O emissions were uninfluenced at the levels of 150kgN/ha and 225kgN/ha. Rice yields increased under intermittent irrigation and were highest at the level of 150kgN/ha. From our results, we recommended that the intermittent irrigation and 150kgN/ha as the ideal water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation for this area to achieve low GHG emissions without impacting rice yields.     

Effect of drainage on CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes from aquaculture ponds during winter in a subtropical estuary of China

Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases(GHGs)from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond(DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m)and one undrained pond(UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m)during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO_2flux in the DP was(0.75±0.12)mmol/(m~2·hr),which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of(-0.49±0.09)mmol/(m~2·hr)(p0.01).This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO_2in winter.Mean CH_4and N_2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP(CH_4=(0.66±0.31)vs.(0.07±0.06)mmol/(m~2·hr)and N_2O=(19.54±2.08)vs.(0.01±0.04)μmol/(m~2·hr))(p0.01),suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH_4and N_2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables(including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth)contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP(p0.01),with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO_2-eq/(m~2·hr),respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.     

Effect of sewage sludge amendment on soil microbial activity and nutrient mineralization

An incubation experiment was performed to study the effect of sewage sludge on microbial respiration and nutrient mineralization in a sandy soil as an indication of its effects on soil biological properties and nutrient transformation. Sewage sludge was amended with a sandy soil at 0, 25, 50, 150 and 350 g kg⁻¹ fresh weight. An increase in the sludge amendment rate caused an increase in both pH and electrical conductivity (EC). However, pH decreased while EC increased and then decreased along the incubation time. Nevertheless salinity and heavy metal contents of the soil sludge mixture were all within the safety guidelines. Soluble NH₄⁺, NO₃²⁻ and PO₃²⁻ increased after amending the soil with sewage sludge, but increasing the application rate to 350 g kg⁻¹ of sludge decreased the N and P mineralization efficiency and created an adverse effect on nitrification. The daily CO₂ evolution pattern was the same in all treatments that CO₂ evolution increased initially and then decreased till the end of the incubation period. All the treatments had peak CO₂ evolution at day 7, except for the soil amended with 350 g kg⁻¹ of sludge which had peak CO₂ evolution at day 2. Similarly, the percentage of C-mineralization decreased with an increase in sludge amendment rate. The present experiment indicated that an application rate of 50–150 g kg⁻¹ sludge for sandy soil would have the optimal beneficial effect on the soil in terms of microbial activity and nutrient transformation.     

土壤体系中的化学动力学方程及其应用

本文介绍了土壤体系中常用的化学动力学方程，分析和比较了它们的适用条件，并探讨了它们在土壤肥力与环境保护中的实际应用。     

三苯基锡芳氧乙酸酯化合物正辛醇—水分配系数的测定

采用控瓶(Shake-flask)法测定了九种三苯基锡芳氧乙酸酯化合物的正辛醇-水分配系数,通过Leo碎片带数法推算了该系列化合物中锡的碎片常数为fsn=-4.22±0.09.