镉胁迫对脊尾白虾的毒性效应研究

为揭示重金属镉对脊尾白虾的毒性效应,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd~(2+))对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)血清氧化应激相关生理指标的活性以及肌肉组织中腺苷酸转移酶基因(ANT)和热激蛋白70基因(HSC70)表达水平的影响。共设置4个Cd2+浓度胁迫(0、0.0002、0.001、0.005 mmol·L~(-1)),分别在0、3、6、9、12、24、36、48、72和96 h共10个时间点对相关指标进行测定。结果显示:不同浓度镉胁迫下,脊尾白虾血清中H_2O_2含量、MDA含量和GSH含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,H2O2含量在胁迫3 h时即出现明显的升高,而MDA和GSH则均在9 h时出现升高趋势,表现为一定的滞后性。H2O2含量在0.005 mmol·L~(-1)胁迫3 h时出现峰值,MDA含量在0.005 mmol·L~(-1)胁迫9 h时出现峰值,GSH含量在0.001mmol·L~(-1)胁迫48 h时出现峰值,且均与对照组存在显著性差异(P0.05)。HSC70基因的表达量在不同浓度胁迫下均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且均在24 h时达到峰值,具体表达量水平的顺序为:0.0002 mmol·L~(-1)0.001 mmol·L~(-1)0.005 mmol·L~(-1)。ANT基因的表达量在不同浓度下则均表现为明显的下调趋势。由此可见,急性Cd~(2+)胁迫不仅影响脊尾白虾的氧化应激相关生理指标,还影响机体内组成型HSC70及与能量传递有关的ANT基因的表达水平。     

碳纳米管活化过二硫酸盐降解偶氮染料酸性橙7

采用碳纳米管（CNT）活化过二硫酸盐（PS）降解偶氮染料酸性橙7（AO7）.考察了PS浓度、CNT投加量、初始pH值、温度等反应条件对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当初始pH为7、n（PS）/n（AO7）为20、CNT投加量为0.2g/L时,AO7在反应480min后可以被完全脱色去除.随着PS剂量、CNT投加量和温度的升高,AO7的去除率也逐渐增加,中性条件下最有利于AO7的去除.AO7降解反应主要发生在CNT表面,且反应活化能Ea为46.76kJ/mol.通过紫外-可见分光光谱、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）和TOC分析表明,AO7分子偶氮键和萘环结构断裂,生成含苯环类物质,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.     

Effects of ellagic acid on arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in human colon tumor cells

The inhibition of arylamine N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity by ellagic acid was determined in a human colon tumor (adenocarcinoma) cell line. Two assay systems were performed, one with cellular cytosols (9000g supernatant), the other with intact colon tumor cell suspensions. The NAT activity in a human colon tumor cell line was inhibited by ellagic acid in a dose‐dependent manner in both types of examined systems: i.e. the greater the concentration of ellagic acid in the reaction, the greater the inhibition of NAT activities in both systems. The data also indicated that ellagic acid decreased the apparent K _m and V _max of NAT enzymes from human colon tumor cells in both the systems examined. This report is the first demonstration which showed ellagic acid affect human colon tumor cell NAT activity.     

北京市不同天气条件下单颗粒形貌及元素组成特征

使用透射电镜(TEM)对采自北京市2011年3~4月间不同天气条件下的气溶胶样品进行观察,并对比2010年3月沙尘天气和2010年11月18日雾天样品,对可吸入颗粒物PM10的基本形貌、矿物元素组成和硫化特征等做比较分析.结果表明,采样期间PM10主要包括烟尘集合体、飞灰、矿物颗粒、二次反应颗粒等,不同天气条件下颗粒类型并无明显差别.采样期间矿物颗粒以“富Si”颗粒(占总量46%)为主,“富Ca”(总量17%)、“富S”颗粒(总量13%)为次要,“富Fe”(总量7%)及较少“富Na” 颗粒(总量6%)和其他颗粒.沙尘天气中沙尘暴输入大量沙尘颗粒使占颗粒83% 的“富Si”颗粒含量明显高于阴天的36%和雾天的32%.仅在阴天和雾天发现大量“富S”颗粒,其中雾天26%,阴天10.7%,说明这2种天气二次反应强烈,易于生成富S二次颗粒,对颗粒物元素组成产生影响.对所有含S颗粒分析表明,不同天气含S矿物含量差异较大,阴天16%,雾天36%,晴天和沙尘天气则含量很低,说明一定的SO2浓度下,大气湿度越大,硫化现象越明显.雾天颗粒物表面的硫化现象相当严重,在含硫量较高的颗粒中,绝大部分同时含有Ca、Na、Si、Fe等元素,说明大气中含Ca、Na、Si、Fe的碱性矿物对雾水酸性有一定的缓冲作用.     

土壤铬(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的生态毒性效应

为研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的毒性效应,以人工土壤为测试介质,按照OECD指南中的方法,测定了Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度),并考察了w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10~160mg/kg(以干质量计,下同)时Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的生长和生殖的影响. 结果表明:①Cr(Ⅵ)在人工土壤中14d的LC₅₀为245.06mg/kg,95%置信限为208.31~288.29mg/kg;②与对照组相比,暴露28d时,w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10~20mg/kg试验组的赤子爱胜蚓体质量显著增加(P<0.01);w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为80~160mg/kg试验组的赤子爱胜蚓体质量则受到显著抑制(P<0.01);③赤子爱胜蚓的产茧量和幼蚓孵化量均随着w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的升高而降低,其中,Cr(Ⅵ)抑制赤子爱胜蚓产茧量和幼蚓孵化量的EC₅₀(半数有效浓度)分别为62.32和49.92mg/kg. 赤子爱胜蚓的体质量、产茧量和幼蚓孵化量均对土壤中w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕比较敏感,尤其幼蚓孵化量是赤子爱胜蚓毒性效应的几项测试终点中最为敏感的一种,可以作为生态风险评估的指标.      

Exposure assessment,chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 for school children and industrial downwind residents in Guangzhou,China

To assess the exposure doses of PM_2.5 and to investigate its chemical components for the subpopulation (i.e., school children and industrial downwind residents), simultaneous sampling of indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 was conducted at an elementary school close to traffic arteries and a residence located in the downwind area of a steel plant in metropolitan Guangzhou in 2010. Chemical components, i.e., organic carbon, elemental carbon and 6 water soluble ions were analyzed in PM_2.5. A survey was also conducted to investigate the time-activity patterns of the school children and the industrial downwind residents. Indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 were 63.2 ± 20.1 and (76.7 ± 35.8) μg/m³ at the school, and 118.8 ± 44.7 and 125.7 ± 57.1 μg/m³ in the community, respectively. Indoor PM_2.5 was found to be highly related to outdoor sources, and stationary sources were the significant contributors to PM_2.5 at both sites. The daily average doses of PM_2.5 for the school children at the school (D _children) and the industrial downwind residents in the community (D _residents) were (7.6 ± 1.9) and (36.1 ± 36.8) μg/kg-day, respectively. The daily average doses of particulate organic mass and SO₄ ^2? were the two most abundant chemical components in PM_2.5. PM_2.5 exposure for the school children was contributed by indoor and outdoor environments by 48.8 and 51.2 %, respectively; for the industrial downwind residents, the contributions were 66.0 and 34.0 %, respectively. Age and body weight were significantly and negatively correlated with D _children, while age, body weight and education level were significantly and negatively correlated with D _residents; gender was not a significant factor at both cases.     

围填海工程对海洋资源影响评价——以曹妃甸为例

分析了受围填海工程影响的海洋资源及其影响程度,构建了用于评价围填海工程对海洋资源产生影响程度的指标体系。利用层次分析法(AHP)分别给出了主要受影响资源为港航资源、旅游资源和渔业资源的一级评价指标权重,在主要受影响资源为港航资源中,港航资源、旅游资源、空间资源和其他资源的权重分别为47.95%、11.99%、21.01%、11.99%、7.06%;利用德尔菲法通过三轮专家咨询给出了二级评价指标权重,分析评价了曹妃甸围填海工程对海洋资源的影响。结果表明曹妃甸围填海工程对其海洋资源有一定的影响,该海域对围填海工程的影响尚处于可承受范围,可以进行适度的围填海工程。     

Initial mixing of inclined dense jet in perpendicular crossflow

A comprehensive experimental investigation for an inclined ( $60^{\circ }$ to vertical) dense jet in perpendicular crossflow—with a three-dimensional trajectory—is reported. The detailed tracer concentration field in the vertical cross-section of the bent-over jet is measured by the laser-induced fluorescence technique for a wide range of jet densimetric Froude number $Fr$ and ambient to jet velocity ratios $U_r$ . The jet trajectory and dilution determined from a large number of cross-sectional scalar fields are interpreted by the Lagrangian model over the entire range of jet-dominated to crossflow-dominated regimes. The mixing during the ascent phase of the dense jet resembles that of an advected jet or line puff and changes to a negatively buoyant thermal on descent. It is found that the mixing behavior is governed by a crossflow Froude number $\mathbf{F} = U_r Fr$ . For $\mathbf{F} < 0.8$ , the mixing is jet-dominated and governed by shear entrainment; significant detrainment occurs and the maximum height of rise $Z_{max}$ is under-predicted as in the case of a dense jet in stagnant fluid. While the jet trajectory in the horizontal momentum plane is well-predicted, the measurements indicate a greater rise and slower descent. For $\mathbf{F} \ge 0.8$ the dense jet becomes significantly bent-over during its ascent phase; the jet mixing is dominated by vortex entrainment. For $\mathbf{F} \ge 2$ , the detrainment ceases to have any effect on the jet behavior. The jet trajectory in both the horizontal momentum and buoyancy planes are well predicted by the model. Despite the under-prediction of terminal rise, the jet dilution at a large number of cross-sections covering the ascent and descent of the dense jet are well-predicted. Both the terminal rise and the initial dilution for the inclined jet in perpendicular crossflow are smaller than those of a corresponding vertical jet. Both the maximum terminal rise $Z_{max}$ and horizontal lateral penetration $Y_{max}$ follow a $\mathbf{F}^{-1/2}$ dependence in the crossflow-dominated regime. The initial dilution at terminal rise follows a $S \sim \mathbf{F}^{1/3}$ dependence.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对蚕豆胚根细胞微核形成的影响及毒理机制

研究常用增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DBP)对农作物生长的影响,为农用地膜及其残留物的环境安全性评估提供实验依据。以蚕豆为试材,DBP处理浓度为0(CK)、9 mmol·L-1、18 mmol·L-1、27 mmol·L-1和36 mmol·L-1,培养24 h、48 h和72 h后,观测根尖细胞染色体结构变化,测试胚根抗氧化酶活性。结果显示:DBP暴露的蚕豆胚根生长速率减缓;随着DBP暴露时间延长,根尖正在进行分裂的细胞被阻断在有丝分裂前期的比例增加,微核率升高,出现多种类型的染色体畸变;DBP暴露的胚根超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性提高5.41%~29.68%,过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性随DBP浓度增加而递减,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性显著降低14.00%~43.08%。结果表明,DBP对蚕豆胚根具有遗传毒性,且能够破坏纺锤丝的结构。     

焦化废水A~2/O处理过程中的组成和毒性变化规律

焦化废水中含有大量毒性物质,具有较强的生物毒性。本文以实验室构建的A2/O焦化废水处理系统为研究对象,考察废水处理过程化学成分和急性毒性的变化。采用紫外扫描和三维荧光光谱分析考察了处理系统各阶段出水的物质组分,并采用固相萃取和超滤膜分离等手段对水样各组分的发光细菌急性毒性进行研究。结果表明,伴随着芳香族物质等毒物的去除,焦化废水的急性生物毒性在该处理系统中被逐步削减,最终出水的毒性当量仅为原水的28%;不同组分的生物毒性测试结果显示,废水水样的强极性和中等极性有机组分贡献了绝大部分的毒性当量,而这些物质主要在缺氧段及好氧段被削减;结合三维荧光光谱的分析结果,可推断焦化废水中一类很难在A2/O处理系统中被完全去除的芳香族蛋白质类似物(Ⅱ区)很可能具有较强的生物毒性,是构成出水毒性的主要物质。