The relationship between typhoons' peripheral circulation and ground-level ozone concentrations in central Taiwan

Surface data of meteorological parameters (wind speed, wind direction, and mixing height) and air pollutant concentrations (O₃, NO, and NO₂) were collected for a 92-day period associated with typhoon formation in 2005. The influence of typhoons on O₃ concentration were defined by azimuth and distance from Taiwan, and Types A, B, and C correspond to typhoons less than 1,500 km from Taiwan and located between azimuths 45° and 135°, 135° and 225°, and 225° and 45°, respectively. Type D corresponds to typhoons more than 1,500 km from Taiwan. Titration reactions were conducted at three temporal phases: 2000–0700, 0800–1100, and 1200–1400 LST (Local Standard Time). The air pollution model (TAPM) was used to simulate wind fields and trajectories of air masses. It was determined that typhoon position affected O₃ concentration, temporal and spatial patterns of O₃ titration and vertical meteorological characteristics, which were not all at the statistically significant level.     

土壤环境样品库建设及样品信息数据库管理

土壤样品携载丰富的环境特征信息,对于掌握不同历史阶段土壤环境状况及变化趋势有着不可替代的作用。环境保护部国家土壤环境样品库于2010年建成,是中国环境保护重要基础设施,具有储存专业化、管理集中化、信息系统化、质控标准化等特点,创新性地集合了土壤样品保存和应用的现代技术,已成为中国最大的土壤环境资源和信息平台。通过开展国家土壤样品库建设和样品信息数据库管理研究,集成国家土壤样品库建设技术和土壤样品数据库信息管理成果,为各地建立省级土壤样品库提供借鉴,对于规范和指导全国土壤环境样品库建设和样品保存、数据库信息管理和应用等具有重要意义。     

The Impact of Typhoon Morakot on Heavy Metals of Dapeng Bay and Pollution from Neighboring Rivers

This study demonstrates that prior to Typhoon Morakot, the index of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Cr was above moderate pollution levels in Dapeng Bay and the three neighboring rivers. During January 2007, the content of Zn metal in Dapeng Bay and Tungkang River was also above moderate pollution levels, while after the Typhoon Morakot event, all metals were at levels below the criteria for low pollution. This work has demonstrated that the samples collected from Dapeng Bay and the three neighboring river systems displayed individual crowd–distribution phenomena, indicating variability between the heavy metal content of sediments collected from Dapeng Bay and the three neighboring rivers. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of heavy metal pollutants in the sediments of Dapeng Bay, along with pollution sources from three neighboring rivers, provides useful information in the fields of disaster management, habitat recovery, operative management, as well as ecotourism specification.     

氨态氮对菲律宾蛤仔毒理机制研究的内参基因筛选

为了准确和系统地分析NH_3-N对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)毒性的分子机制,并对相关基因的转录组学数据进行验证,利用ge Norm和Normfinder这2种软件,以暴露30 d中不同时间点的鳃组织c DNA为模板,从18S r RNA(18S)、beta-actin(Actin)、beta-tubulin(Tubu)、elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1α)、cyclophilin A(Cy PA)、Ubiquitin(Ub)等6个备选管家基因中,筛选可以稳定表达的内参基因,作为转录组学分析的内参基因。以稀释50倍的鳃组织c DNA模板作为检测模板,ge Norm软件分析获得6对备选内参基因的表达稳定性依次为:EF1αCy PAActinTubuUb18S,较优内参为EF1α和Cy PA;Norm Finder软件分析获得6对备选内参基因的表达稳定性为:EF1αActinTubuCy PAUb18S,最优内参基因为EF1α。为了验证上述筛选结果,分别以EF1α和Cy PA作为内参基因研究unigene1的表达趋势,发现以EF1α为内参基因时,unigene1的q RT-PCR的表达趋势与其转录组表达倍数的变化趋势一致。因此确定NH_3-N暴露菲律宾蛤仔后,鳃组织中表达最为稳定的内参基因为EF1α。     

Bacterial community structure and microorganism inactivation following water treatment with ferrate(VI) or chlorine

Drinking water disinfection plays a critical role in protecting humans from waterborne pathogens. Ferrate(VI) (Fe^VIO₄ ^2?) has also been proposed as a disinfectant. This is the first study investigating the bacterial microbiomes of ferrate(VI)-treated water compared to chlorinated water. Tested water was collected after sand filtration and before disinfection from a drinking water treatment plant at Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China. A culture-independent method utilizing propidium monoazide was used with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to distinguish between the viable and nonviable bacterial populations. The operational taxonomic units and α-diversity indexes of the live bacterial phylotypes in the samples were determined. Viable bacteria remained in all samples following chlorination or ferrate treatment. However, the genera Vibrio, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Plesiomonas, Legionella, and Helicobacter, which contain important human pathogens, were not present among the 25 dominant genera seen in these samples. The profiles of the bacteria remaining after treatment with either chlorine or ferrate differed. The ferrate-treated samples showed a reduced percent relative abundance of operational taxonomic units of the class Alphaproteobacteria within the total remaining viable bacteria. The genera Flavobacterium and Duganella were relatively resistant to treatment by either chlorine or ferrate(VI). At the highest doses of chlorine and ferrate(VI), the genus Sphingobium represented a greater percentage of live bacteria in the chlorinated sample than in the ferrate(VI)-treated sample. The results suggest that ferrate(VI) and chlorine could inactivate slightly different sets of bacteria and could have different mechanisms of bacterial inactivation.     

Nickel accumulation in paddy rice on serpentine soils containing high geogenic nickel contents in Taiwan

We investigated the extractability of nickel (Ni) in serpentine soils collected from rice paddy fields in eastern Taiwan to evaluate the bioavailability of Ni in the soils as well as for demonstrating the health risks of Ni in rice. Total Ni concentrations in the soils ranged were 70.2–2730 mg/kg (mean, 472 mg/kg), greatly exceeding the natural background content and soil control standard in Taiwan. Available Ni concentration only accounts for <10% of total soil Ni content; 0.1 N HCl-extractable Ni was the more suitable index for Ni bioavailability in the soil to rice than was diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Ni. The accumulation ability of rice roots was much higher than that of its shoots; however, compared with those reported previously, our brown and polished rice samples contained much higher Ni concentrations, within the ranges of 1.50–4.53 and 2.45–5.54 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of the provisional tolerable Ni intake for adults recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), daily consumption of this rice can result in an excessive Ni intake.     

咪唑啉硫酸酯盐的缓蚀性能及协同增效作用研究

参照SY/T 5405-1996《酸化用缓蚀剂性能试验方法及评价指标》,采用静态失重法评价咪唑啉硫酸酯盐缓蚀剂1-羟乙基-2-油酸基咪唑啉硫酸酯盐(ISES)与丙炔醇(BCC)、非离子表面活性剂OP-10组成的二元和三元复配缓蚀剂体系对N80钢的缓蚀性能,考察二元和三元复配缓蚀剂体系的协同增效作用。通过动电位极化扫描和电化学阻抗分析对ISES及其复配体系的电化学行为进行研究。     

Study on biodegradation process of lignin by FTIR and DSC

The biodegradation process of lignin by Penicillium simplicissimum was studied to reveal the lignin biodegradation mechanisms. The biodegradation products of lignin were detected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis spectrophotometer, different scanning calorimeter (DSC), and stereoscopic microscope. The analysis of FTIR spectrum showed the cleavage of various ether linkages (1,365 and 1,110 cm^?1), oxidation, and demethylation (2,847 cm^?1) by comparing the different peak values in the corresponding curve of each sample. Moreover, the differences (T_m and ΔH_m values) between the DSC curves indirectly verified the FTIR analysis of biodegradation process. In addition, the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to lignin biodegradation process were analyzed, which indicated that H₂O₂ could accelerate the secretion of the MnP and LiP and improve the enzymes activity. What is more, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase catalyzed the lignin degradation effectively only when H₂O₂ was presented.     

Effects of sintering atmosphere on cement clinkers produced from chromium-bearing sludge

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sintering atmosphere (oxidizing and reducing) on the polymorphs of dicalcium silicates (Ca2SiO4, C2S) and on the chromium leaching of the belite-rich clinkers made from a chromium-bearing sludge. This sludge was generated in an electroplating factory, and in addition to chromium, it contained nickel, copper and zinc. In the clinker production, air was used as the oxidizing atmosphere, and carbon monoxide, which was produced by burning graphite with an insufficient amount of oxygen, was employed as the reducing atmosphere. Dicalcium silicates were substantially formed under both kinds of sintering atmosphere, but there was some nonhydraulic gamma-C2S in the clinkers produced under the oxidizing atmosphere. In addition, the amount of gamma-C2S decreased with the chromium-bearing sludge addition, whereas that of beta-C2S increased. The clinkers produced under the reducing atmosphere had less residual chromium, a finding that shows that more chromium was evaporated. However, the reducing atmosphere can decrease the proportion of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the resulting clinkers. For other heavy metals, the residual amounts of nickel and copper generally increased with the sludge addition, but zinc was absent in most of the clinkers produced under the reducing atmosphere. This implies that the evaporation of zinc is much more significant than that of the other heavy metals under a reducing atmosphere. In the leaching tests, the concentrations of nickel, copper, and zinc were below the detection limits in all the leachates. In terms of chromium, the total leaching concentration was highly related to Cr(VI). The clinkers produced under the oxidizing atmosphere had high leaching concentrations of chromium, and thus failed to meet the regulatory limit. In contrast, the reducing atmosphere was effective in decreasing the chromium leaching, and it therefore makes the resulting cement clinkers more environmentally sound.