固定化真菌对铅离子生物吸附的研究

采用多种固定化材料包埋枝孢霉属(Cladosporium sp.),结果表明:以一定比例混合的海藻酸钠-明胶包埋的枝孢霉小球对Pb2+具有最佳吸附效果。通过正交试验确定了固定化最优操作条件,最优条件为:菌量为10g/L,包埋剂量为1.5∶1.5,CaCl2浓度为4%,钙化时间为4h。并考察了不同因素如接触反应时间,溶液的pH,温度对生物吸附的影响。结果表明:平衡吸附的时间为3h左右,最适pH为4.0,在15℃~45℃的温度范围内,吸附量有缓慢增加,在一定的浓度范围(30~700mg/L)内,生物吸附随浓度的增加而增加,生物吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir模型。     

Do brain parasites alter host personality? — Experimental study in minnows

Despite that the existence of animal personalities is widely recognized, no consensus has been reached on the relative importance of different ecological factors behind their expression. Recently, it has been suggested that parasites may have a crucial role in shaping animal personalities, but only a very few studies have experimentally tested the idea. We infected Eurasian minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) with the brain-encysted trematode parasite, Diplostomum phoxini, and studied whether infection could modify the personality of their hosts. Our results show that D. phoxini infection did not affect the mean levels of boldness, activity or exploration, but infected minnows showed higher repeatability in boldness and activity, and reduced repeatability in exploration. We also found that D. phoxini may be able to break the associations (behavioral syndromes) between behavioral traits, but that this effect may be dependent on parasite intensity. Furthermore, the effect of D. phoxini infection on personality of the hosts was found to be nonlinearly dependent on infection intensity. Taken together, our results suggest that D. phoxini parasites may shape the personality of their hosts, but that behavioral consequences of ecologically relevant infection levels may be rather subtle and easily remain undetected if only the mean trait expressions are compared.     

Trace metal pollution in a Le'an River tributary affected by non-ferrous metal mining activities in Jiangxi Province,China

Sediment and water samples from the Jishui River were tested to determine the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. The concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn in the surface water close to the Fujiawu copper mine greatly exceeded the criteria maximum concentrations (CMC) of the Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of Zn at a site near the small smelters also exceeded the CMC. Cd concentrations in surface water samples from 69% of the sampling sites were significantly higher than the CMC. Heavy Cd pollution of surface water resulted from the Shuanghua Smelter, the lead smelter, the lead–zinc mine and the small smelters downstream. The total metal concentrations in the majority of the sediment samples substantially exceeded the probable effect levels (PEL). Levels of As, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface sediment of the site close to the Shuanghua Smelter were 20 times higher than the PELs. The levels of Pb in sediment of the downstream sites near the small smelters and the lead–zinc mine were also elevated. Based on the results of the BCR sequential extract procedures and the risk assessment code, the levels of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in the sediment posed high risk.     

热成形和热处理对3.5Ni钢力学性能的影响

本文研究了不同厚度3.5Ni低温钢板以不同热成形加热温度和冷却条件成形后的力学性能变化。通过对经历热成形同样加热和冷却条件的母材试板重新进行不同规范的正火和回火,对材料被损坏的性能进行了恢复和提高,为低温钢设备的制造提供了可靠的工艺依据。     

川藏公路滑坡加固预应力锚索受力分析研究

以川藏公路102滑坡群滑坡处理为依托,仔细研究了滑坡体的工程地质特征。对由大型松散堆积物形成的2#滑坡锚索加固工程稳定性进行了研究,由于在2#滑坡中,滑动面和预应力锚索之间的夹角很大,作用在锚索上面的力还包括轴向拉力和侧向的弯矩和剪力。通过对力的分析和计算证明,使用梁单元来进行计算更加符合实际使用要求,因此,预应力锚索的应用不仅能够合理地改善结构的受力条件,并且能够充分地利用材料本身的强度特性,节约了工程的使用费用,具有很好的推广应用价值。     

Kinetics of acetyl CoA: Arylamine N‐acetyltransferase from rapid and slow acetylator fish tissues

N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was determined in 100 fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) livers using 2‐aminofluorene and p‐aminobenzoic acid as substrates. Overall, the liver NAT activity of the 50 females was higher than the liver NAT activity of the 50 males. The activities (mean ± SD) of NAT from kidney, blood, intestine, and liver of males was 0.42 ± 0.11, 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.12 ± 0.08, and 1.56 ± 0.54 nmol/min/mg protein for the acetylation of 2‐aminofluorene and 0.36 ± 0.09, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.04, and 0.46 ± 0.15 nmol/min/mg protein for the acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid. In kidney, blood, intestine, and liver from female fish, the activities obtained were 1.60 ± 0.12, 0.35 ± 0.07, 0.15 ± 0.09, and 1.89 ± 0.50 nmol/min/mg protein for 2‐aminofluorene and 0.95 ± 0.11, 0.27 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.09, and 0.57 ± 0.12nmol/min/mg protein for p‐aminobenzoic acid. Kinetic constants for arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in kidney, blood, intestine, and liver from fish with rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator activity were determined. Apparent K _m and V _max values for 2‐aminofluorene were 5.5 and 7‐fold higher for liver than for the other tissues. Apparent K _m and V _max values for p‐aminobenzoic acid were 3.5 and 4.7‐fold higher for liver than for the other tissues. Based on the 2‐aminofluorene NAT activity of liver, there appears to be a polymorphism in NAT activity with 16 rapid, 28 intermediate, and 56 slow acetylators among the 100 fish assayed. This is the first demonstration of acetyl CoA: arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in fresh water fish and could lead to the development of a fish model for monitoring the effect of pollution of water environments on native species.     

基于RS与GIS混合编程的公路水毁灾情信息提取

研究了基于高分辨率卫星遥感影像的公路水毁灾情信息提取模型,通过解决跨软件环境的开发问题,实现了基于遥感与地理信息系统混合编程的公路水毁灾情信息提取系统。使用高分辨率卫星遥感数据形成融合数据,通过分析融合图像的光谱、几何、纹理特征,建立了公路信息提取规则,构建了面向对象的公路信息提取模型。根据水在近红外和中红外波长范围内反射率极低的特性,同时考虑不同环境背景造成的信息提取复杂性,研究了具有自适应特点的水面提取模型。通过建立组件式地理信息系统和遥感应用环境之间的通信和数据共享机制,实现了模型运行的交互式用户界面,并提供叠置空间分析功能,从灾后公路边界提取结果中去除水面部分,获得公路水毁信息。实际应用表明,系统可以满足相关工作对公路水毁灾情信息提取技术的要求。     

电动力修复铅镉复合污染土壤

采用电动力修复技术处理Pb、Cd复合污染土壤,考察了柠檬酸和乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA）作为电解液对棕壤（ZR）和红壤（HR）两种我国典型壤质中Pb、Cd去除效果的影响。实验结果表明：在电压梯度为2 V/cm,修复时间为4 d的条件下,ZR的最佳电解液为EDTA,Pb、Cd平均去除率为13.2%和17.8%,HR的最佳电解液为柠檬酸,Pb、Cd的平均去除率为20.0%和33.8%;延长修复时间至10 d能显著提高HR中Pb、Cd的去除率,电解液为柠檬酸时Cd平均去除率达91.1%,电解液为EDTA时Pb平均去除率达63.2%,修复后土壤中Cd和Pb含量均低于建筑用地土壤污染风险筛选值。综合考虑能耗及修复效果,EDTA是高效且经济的修复电解液。     

生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准探讨

基于中国与美国间生物敏感性的差异,对生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准值进行了研究.首先,对中美共有的且急性生物毒性数据符合3门8科的污染物进行筛选,然后,依据两国物种的敏感性与代表性建立基于不同生物组合的BER技术,最后,对不同生物组合BER技术预测水生生物急性基准值与实测基准值进行比较与分析,筛选出预测效果较好的BER技术.结果表明:共筛选出9个中美共有且毒性数据丰富的污染物(As(III)、Cr(VI)、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、对硫磷、毒死蜱和三丁基锡),依据本土生物毒性数据推导出该9种污染物的我国水生生物急性基准值分别为201.72、2.64、0.74、1.32、55.83、92.25、0.12、0.36和0.38μg/L.此外,在对7种生物组合方式BER技术的预测效果进行分析比较的基础上,初步提出基于同属或科的生物组合方式的BER技术可较好地对9种污染物的本土水生生物急性基准值进行预测.研究结果可为在本土生物毒性数据缺乏时充分利用现有毒性数据或进行少量毒性试验的基础上对我国水生生物急性基准值的预测提供帮助.     

苏南丘陵地区森林土壤酶活性季节变化

研究了苏南丘陵区不同林分土壤养分、酶活性的剖面分布以及酶活性的季节动态变化特征。研究结果表明,研究区土壤偏酸性,土壤中TN质量分数较高,有机质、TK、AK质量分数中等,TP、AP质量分数较低,土壤TN、有机质、AK、AP的质量分数及蔗糖酶、脲酶、H2O2酶、磷酸酶活性随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。土壤酶活性在不同季节也存在差异,蔗糖酶活性的季节变化表现为：秋季〉夏季〉春季〉冬季,脲酶活性为：夏季〉春季〉秋季〉冬季,毛竹林土壤的磷酸酶活性为：秋季〉春季〉夏季〉冬季,其它3种林分土壤的磷酸酶活性为：秋季〉夏季〉春季〉冬季,H2O2酶活性在马尾松、麻栎、毛竹林土壤内表现为：春季〉秋季〉夏季〉冬季,在杉木内林土壤内表现为：春季〉夏季〉秋季〉冬季。在α=0.01或α=0.05水平下,土壤酶活性与土壤TN、AP、AK、有机质及重元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni呈显著或极显著相关,与土壤容重呈显著或极显著负相关,冬季蔗糖酶与其它3个季节的蔗糖酶呈现极显著或显著正相关;秋季磷酸酶与其它3个季节的磷酸酶呈现极显著或显著正相关;夏季脲酶与其它3个季节的脲酶呈现极显著正相关;夏季H2O2酶与其它3个季节的H2O2酶呈现极显著正相关。