On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles(LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons(HC) and nitrogen oxides(NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential(OFP) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity(MIR)method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.     

矿区土壤中砷污染对微生物群落的影响研究

采用梯度培养和PCR-DGGE技术,对大柳塔矿区矸石山及周边土壤的砷含量及其对土壤微生物群落的影响进行了研究,并通过测序研究了土壤微生物群落的结构。结果表明,矸石山及其周边自然表土的含水量较少,且十分相近;全磷和有机质含量普遍较高,p H呈中偏碱性;不同风化程度矸石山土壤砷含量对土壤微生物群落有显著的影响,不同砷污染负荷土壤中微生物群落的丰度存在差异;矸石山复垦年限不同,土壤理化性质会发生变化;土壤中砷含量的增高,对植物生长起关键作用的Gemmatimonas(甲烷单毛菌属)等微生物群落受到不同程度的抑制;Proteobacterium(变形菌门)具有较强的耐砷性;矸石山土壤特有的理化性质可为GASP-WA2W2_F11等微生物群落的演替创造了条件。     

Optimizing emission inventory for chemical transport models by using genetic algorithm

Air pollutant emission inventory is an important input parameter for chemical transport models (CTMs). Since great uncertainties exist in the emission inventory, further improvements and refinements are required. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA), a global search and optimization method, was applied to optimize the emission inventory for the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. An emission optimizing system based on GA was developed and embedded to the CMAQ through the design of several core modules, which implemented the basic functions such as emission adjusting, GA population initializing, CMAQ results evaluating and GA operating. Hypothetical and real-data experiments were respectively performed to examine the validity of GA for emission calibrating. GA showed good performance in both experiments and was always able to find the global minimum. The emission optimizing system was then used to calibrate seasonal PM₁₀ emission inventories of Beijing. Results revealed that PM₁₀ emission in Beijing was underestimated in 2002, an average of 62.74% higher adjustment factor should be imposed on the original emission in target months of different seasons. With the calibrated emission inventories, CMAQ model errors were decreased by 6.46% on average in different seasons. It was concluded that GA was a promising search technique in calibrating emission inputs for CTMs.     

生态园区企业环保设备选择的成本分摊博弈分析

同时考虑环保设备的购置成本和未治理污染所产生的排污费用,应用合作博弈理论,构造了一个生态园区企业环保设备选择的成本分摊博弈,证明了在环保设备污染治理能力足够大的情况下,该成本分摊博弈具有核非空、次可加性、凹性等性质,并讨论了核、夏普利值等解。最后,通过算例分析验证了研究结论。     

P-SBR工艺侧流释磷效果恶化探究

将侧流释磷技术应用到低碳源污水生物处理中,能有效缓解或者消除生物除磷与脱氮之间的竞争与矛盾,维持系统的稳定.但在本系统研究中发现当外碳源(HAc)质量浓度超过350mg/L时(以COD计),出现强化释磷恶化甚至系统崩溃的现象.对各种可能因素进行分析,得出在释磷一运行周期内加入过量碳源,聚磷菌体内的糖原耗尽,释磷停止;长期加入过量碳源,聚磷菌淘汰,系统崩溃.     

Performance investigation of electrochemical assisted HClO/Fe2+ process for the treatment of landfill leachate

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The feasibility of removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+–N) from landfill leachate by an electrochemical assisted...     

Potential of flavonoids as anti-Alzheimer’s agents: bench to bedside

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Developing therapies for neurodegenerative diseases are challenging because of the presence of blood–brain barrier and Alzheimer being one of...     

构建企业安全文化实现本质安全

企业安全文化渗透于企业技术、产品、管理等反映企业核心竞争力的各个方面,它不仅是企业实现安全目标的重要管理策略,也是企业获得长远发展的有效推动力量. 中国石化管道安全文化,是伴随企业改革发展的实践,在企业文化的基础上,在全员参与创建的过程中构建的,是从根本上提升企业安全管理水平的重要举措.     

华山地区PM2.5中无机离子垂直分布特征

2016年夏季在华山山腰及山脚设两个采样点（垂直高程相差约700 m）,运用大流量采样器进行每4 h 1次PM_2.5样品采集,对其无机离子进行分析,探讨其浓度、组成、垂直变化、日变化及酸度的特征.结果表明：采样期间,华山山腰及山脚的PM_2.5分别为：（46.9±38.2）μg·m^-3和（76.0±44.3）μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中无机离子分别为：（16.6±15.7）μg·m^-3和（24.0±15.0）μg·m^-3.两个点位无机离子浓度依次为：SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺为主要组分,占华山山腰及山脚大气PM_2.5总离子质量浓度的89%和85%.线性回归分析显示：PM_2.5中的NH₄⁺在华山山腰主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在,而在华山山脚主要以NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.华山山腰和山脚PM_2.5及其离子呈现出不同的日变化特征：山腰在12：00~16：00出现峰值,主要是因为边界层抬升和山谷风输送地表污染物的缘故;山脚则分别在白天08：00~12：00和夜晚00：00~04：00出现双峰值,这主要是由于早高峰交通排放增加和夜间大型载货卡车流量增大所致.利用阴阳离子当量平衡法及ISORROPIA Ⅱ模型进一步探讨了PM_2.5酸度特征,结果表明：华山山脚PM_2.5的酸度（pH=2.9±2.0）强于山腰（pH=3.2±2.3）.     

大型甲醇储罐火灾风险与消防技术探讨

分析了大型甲醇储罐区的燃爆危险性及火灾特点,相对中小型甲醇储罐火灾,大型甲醇储罐火灾具有热辐射强、火焰温度高、浓烟少等特点,这类储罐火灾灭火难度大,主要体现在泡沫液灭火能力低、泡沫液流动距离小、覆盖范围有限、易复燃等。目前大型甲醇储罐消防系统的设计升级缺少足够的大尺度甲醇储罐灭火试验数据及以往甲醇储罐火灾事故信息支撑。联合开展大型甲醇储罐的消防试验研究是确保消防系统有效性和可靠性的必要措施。