热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

基于采动覆岩三维裂隙场演化规律的地面L型钻井瓦斯抽采技术*

为了解决目前采用的直立型地面钻井抽采范围小、工作面所需钻井数量多及瓦斯流量和浓度偏低的问题,基于屯兰矿12507工作面Ⅱ段工程地质情况,提出地面“L”型钻井提高瓦斯抽采效率的理论和实践研究。通过PFC3D颗粒流离散元数值模拟软件对工作面覆岩采动影响进行模拟,得到采动影响下的覆岩结构、裂隙和孔隙率变化。研究结果表明:屯兰矿12507工作面Ⅱ段的垮落带高度为15.87 m,裂隙带高度为49.46 m,采空区上方15~50 m、沿倾向方向距离采空区边界20~100 m的范围内裂隙较发育,孔隙率高且稳定。在屯兰矿12507工作面Ⅱ段进行工程实践,得到地面“L”型钻井在抽采效率、工作面上隅角瓦斯治理及采空区瓦斯有效利用方面优于普通地面钻井抽采,抽采系统工作149 d瓦斯抽采浓度平均为52.52%,抽采纯量平均为9.48 m3/min,上隅角瓦斯浓度平均为0.21%,降低了矿井瓦斯灾害出现的风险并提高了煤层气的利用。     

天气形势对2014 — 2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响

天气形势是驱动大气污染物变化的最初动力,其与大气污染有着密切联系.探究天气形势对各季节空气质量的影响,可为污染防控提供一定的指导意见.本文利用NCEP-FNL再分析资料、环境监测数据,研究了天气形势对2014?—?2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响.结果表明:春、秋、冬季"槽西南型"和"高压东南型"对大气污染物浓度...     

黄淮流域夏半年旱涝概率时空分布的研究

利用Γ分布模式拟合区域降水百分率的概率分布,由此推求黄淮流域夏半年（４～１０月）旱涝概率,并探讨该区出现各级旱涝概率的时空分布特征。结果表明,该方法具有相当的客观性,为旱涝灾害研究提供了一条新途径。各级旱涝概率的空间分布反映了各地旱涝频发程度的区域特征和季节变动,揭示了大旱大涝灾害的脆弱区分布特点。文中推导的区域旱涝概率与Γ分布参数α的经验关系,为推断无资料地区旱涝概率提供了可能性。     

炼油污水处理场技术改进方案的探讨

对改造后的污水处理场最大抗暴雨能力和工艺技术方案改进的可行性进行了探讨、并对存在的问题及改进方法提出了见解。     

Effects of Liming on the Aquatic Fauna in a Norwegian Watershed: Why Do Crustaceans and Fish Respond Differently?

We studied the effects of liming on fish and crustaceans in a watershed which is in a region known to have one of the highest diversity of aquatic biota in Norway. This watershed, Enningdal, is shared between Norway (1/3) and Sweden (2/3) and includes 61 lakes  >  1.0 ha in Norway. Liming started on a large scale in the 1980s. Currently, a total of 26 of lakes (43%) are limed, covering 93% of the total lake area. The mean value ± S.D. of pH and the concentration of inorganic labile Al in these lakes is 6.62 ± 0.35 and 3 ± 4 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Historical data of fish communities have been obtained from surveys, while test-fishing and sampling of crustaceans were conducted in 24 lakes in recent years (2002–2004). The present study shows that crustaceans to a greater extent than fish has responded to improved water quality after more than 20 years of liming. Of a total of 120 fish populations, 42 (35%) have gone extinct. Only five of the lost fish populations (12%) have been re-established, all due to human re-introductions. Physical barriers are considered to be the main factor preventing fish from invading limed lakes. In contrast, crustaceans have been re-established in most limed lakes. This may be mainly due to their good spreading capacity. However, they might also have survived in refuges within the watershed, or as resting-eggs in the sediment.     

Identity accumulation,others' acceptance,job‐search self‐efficacy,and stress

This study examines identity accumulation, others' acceptance of one's aspired self, work role salience, and job‐search self‐efficacy in relation to job stress. One hundred and eighty insurance agents working in six branches of an international assurance company completed self‐report questionnaires. Results indicate that identity accumulation and others' acceptance have direct, significant, and negative relationships with job stress. Job‐search self‐efficacy is found to be effective in moderating the relationship between work‐role salience and job stress. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海水淡化工程用海适宜性评价指标体系与模型构建研究

海水淡化在中国沿海城市地区获得了广泛应用,海水淡化用海涉及到多方面的因素.根据海水淡化工程用海的特点,建立基于自然-生态环境-社会经济框架的指标体系,给出了评价指标量化方法.建立了模糊综合评价法的海水淡化用海适宜性评价模型,形成具有科学化、定量化等特征的海水淡化用海适宜性评价体系,研究成果可为海水淡化的开发与管理提供科学参考.     

循环经济与西北工矿型城市的可持续发展

针对西北工矿型城市发展中面临的可持续发展问题,阐述了循环经济在西北工矿型城市发展的迫切性;结合西北工矿型城市的实际情况,提出了适合西北工矿型城市可持续发展的三个循环经济模式,进而探讨了西北工矿型城市发展循环经济的可行对策。