Technological change in Swiss thermal waste treatment: An expert-based socio-technical analysis

Understanding technological change provides a crucial basis for governing sustainability transitions. In this paper we present an analysis of technological change using the example of Swiss thermal waste processing. In recent years, increased concerns about the low quality of residues from grate-firing systems led to the examination of alternative technologies. Yet despite clear indications of a potential better performance with respect to residue quality, none of these alternatives has been adopted. Based on a two-stage knowledge integration among 15 leading experts, in a retrospective analysis we identified factors that have significantly affected technological change in Swiss thermal waste processing. These factors were then related to three technological options representing different types of technological change, i.e., from incremental improvements of the existing to the implementation of a new technology. The results indicate that technological change is currently in a technological lock-in and provide detailed insights on the causes. The lock-in results in the step-wise further development of the status quo grate-firing system despite its limitations for improving the residue qualities. Almost all factors (legal, economic, societal, technological) of the existing ‘thermal waste management’ system have been well adapted to the cost- and energy-efficient grate-firing technology, blocking innovative technologies from entering the Swiss market. In addition, pressures from the context, e.g., societal pressure related to landfill risks, have not been strong enough to promote non-incremental change.     

中美校车安全标准比较研究

为促进我国校车安全标准法规的发展,提高我国校车的安全技术水平,选择美国校车安全标准作为我国校车安全标准比较研究的对象,分别从校车的一般安全、主动安全和被动安全技术条件方面,将我国现已实施的校车安全标准和美国的校车安全标准进行比较。研究结果表明,我国校车安全标准和美国的校车安全标准之间存在一定差异,在应急出口、碰撞试验等方面还存在不足。根据研究结果,提出有关制定适合中国国情的校车安全标准和法规的建议。     

凝结水处理技术在大港石化的应用

根据石化行业凝结水污染的特点,结合大港石化动力车间凝结水处理前的现状及凝结水含油、铁及其他离子的情况,采用了复合双层膜凝结水处理技术对凝结水中的油、铁进行去除,运行实践证明油的去除率≥90％,铁的去除率≥80％,出水符合国家锅炉补水标准,并具有运行成本低等特点。此项技术填补了石化行业凝结水除油除铁的空白。     

Winter runoff losses of phosphorus from paddy soils in the Taihu Lake Region of South China

A winter wheat field plot experiment was conducted on two types of paddy soils, from November, 2000 to June, 2001 to assess P losses to its surrounding watercourses by runoff in the Taihu Lake Region. Commercial NPK compound fertilizer and single superphosphate fertilizer were applied to furnish 0, 20, 80, and 160 kg P ha(-1). The experiments consisted of six replicates of each treatment in Changshu site and four replicates in Anzhen site, with a plot size of 5x6 m2 in a randomized block design. Results revealed that the average concentration of dissolved P (DP), particulate P (PP), and total P (TP) in runoff water during the winter season was 0.13, 0.90 and 1.04 mg P l(-1) respectively, from P20 plots in Anzhen site. While it was 0.67, 1.08 and 1.75 mg P l(-1) respectively, from P20 plots in Changshu site. The seasonal TP load (mass loss) from P20 plot ranged from a low of 290.88 g P ha(-1)season(-1) to a high of 483.54 g P ha(-1)season(-1), with a mean of 382.29 g P ha(-1)season(-1) in Anzhen, but from 444.92 to 752.21 g P ha(-1)season(-1), with a mean of 539.13 g P ha(-1)season(-1) in Changshu. Both in Anzhen and Changshu PP represented a major portion of the TP lost in runoff, the average PP/TP was about more than 80% in P0 and P20 plot, but it was decreased with the increase of P rate. The average seasonal P loads (DP, PP, and TP) in Changshu were greater than in Anzhen although runoff volume in Anzhen (45 mm season(-1)) was more than in Changshu (36 mm season(-1)). This was probably associated with the differences of soil physical and chemical properties between the two sites. Phosphate fertilizer rate significantly affected P concentrations and P loads by runoff. Both the mean concentrations and the average seasonal P loads from the P80 plots were lower than from the P160 plots, but obviously higher than from the P20 and P0 plots. There was no significant difference found between the P20 plots and the P0 plots both in Anzhen and Changshu sites. It indicated that P loads by runoff would be greatly increased in 5-10 years due to the accumulation of soil P if 20 kg P ha(-1) applied each wheat season in this area.     

长江中游矿产资源跨世纪开发布局

长江中游地区矿产资源丰富，分相布对集中，配套程度较好。主要矿产资源绝大部分可保证跨世纪供需，作者提出利用三峡枢纽工程跨世纪建设，发挥中心枢纽地位和区内外资源及水运优势，依托现有磷矿开发及磷化工和钢铁，盐，磷化工和石油化工基地及建材工业基地，并指出了矿产资源开发的一具体对策。     

HSE体系建设中危害因素风险评价

本文介绍了危害因素识别的范围、危害因素识别风险评价的步骤，从确定危害因素识别风险评价工作组、收集资料、建立危害因素清单、确定重要危险场所、风险评价和风险控制、风险沟通、动态危害识别、评审风险控制措施等方面简要阐述了在HSE体系建设中如何实施危害因素识别和风险评价。     

农户自制人工瘤胃发酵饲料的方法与饲喂技术

人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺,是1989年四川省重大科研项目所取得的成果,已正式通过专家鉴定。为了便于广大农户特别是养殖专业户自制人工瘤胃发酵饲料,广泛用于饲喂各种畜禽以充分利用丰富的秸秆资源,节约精料和提高经济效益,特将此项技术的制作原理、饲料营养成分及饲喂效果,饲料制作方法及饲喂技术进行详细介绍,供推广使用。     

基于FTA和ISM的氯化反应失控火灾爆炸危险性分析

为加强甲烷热氯化工艺过程的安全管理,对氯化反应过程进行危险性分析。本研究介绍了氯甲烷的危害特性以及反应釜失控造成火灾爆炸的危险性,借助事故树分析法中结构重要度的排序获取基本原因事件,在此基础上运用解释结构模型(ISM)对氯化反应过程进行火灾爆炸危险性分析,根据所得基本原因事件的层级划分可得到造成事故发生的直接、间接以及根本原因,最终由ISM分析结果提出针对甲烷热氯化工艺火灾爆炸事故的安全对策措施。     

太原市某城区四季大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征分析

为了研究太原市大气PM_(2.5)中重金属污染的季节变化特征,于2012年12月至2013年9月4个季度典型时段在太原市迎泽区采集环境大气PM_(2.5)样品,采用连续提取法和电热板消解法分析了样品中5种重金属元素的化学形态和总浓度,并对重金属的生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,1太原市迎泽区大气中PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度高达122.08~211.81μg·m~(-3),其四季日均浓度呈现为:冬季春季夏季秋季.2大气PM_(2.5)中重金属浓度在4个季节呈现一定的季节变化,其中Cu和Ni的季节变化不明显,Cr在夏、秋季浓度较高,Pb、Cd的浓度在冬季最高.3PM_(2.5)中不同重金属化学形态分布不同,除Cu外,其他4种重金属在不同季节的各化学形态含量基本相同,超过75%的Pb和Cd的分布在可溶态与可交换态、碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态;Ni和Cr主要以有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态为主;Cu在春、夏、秋季主要分布在有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态两种形态中,在冬季主要在可氧化态与可还原态和有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态两种形态中.4PM_(2.5)中5种重金属的生物有效性大小顺序为CdPbCuNiCr;Cd和Pb为生物可利用性元素,Cu、Ni和Cr为潜在生物可利用性元素.