环境—经济系统协调度模型及其指标体系

本文以可持续发展理论为核心,借助系统工程多目标优化的思想,建立了新型环境—经济系统协调度模型。模型分为三个部分:功效函数、协调度函数和环境系统指标体系。     

成都市夏季近地面臭氧污染气象特征

利用2016年7月成都市8个环境监测站点的臭氧、NO_2的监测资料以及成都市国家基准气象站和基本气象站的观测资料,对成都市夏季臭氧、NO_2浓度和气象要素的日变化特征和臭氧污染过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:成都市臭氧污染受综合气象条件和NO_2浓度的影响,高温、低湿、强辐射有利于臭氧大量生成,NO_2浓度高低决定了臭氧浓度的峰值大小;在污染期间,大气边界层高度远高于本地平均水平,数值约为平均水平的2～3倍;成都市臭氧污染的主要影响因子存在地区差异,成都市区的臭氧主要来自于自身的光化学反应,而灵岩寺地区的臭氧来自于VOCs和大气水平输送。     

Modeling normativity in sustainability: a comparison of the sustainable development goals,the Paris agreement,and the papal encyclical

The idea of sustainability is intrinsically normative. Thus, understanding the role of normativity in sustainability discourses is crucial for further developing sustainability science. In this article, we analyze three important documents that aim to advance sustainability and explore how they organize norms in relation to sustainability. The three documents are: the Pope’s Encyclical Laudato Si’, the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. We show that understanding the role of different types of norms in the three documents can help understand normative features of both scientific and non-scientific sustainability discourses. We present the diverse system of norms in a model that interrelates three different levels: macro, meso, and micro. Our model highlights how several processes affect the normative orientation of nations and societies at the meso-level in different ways. For instance, individual ethical norms at the micro-level, such as personal responsibility, may help decelerate unsustainable consumerism at the aggregate meso-level. We also show that techno-scientific norms at the macro-level representing global indicators for sustainability may accelerate innovations. We suggest that our model can help better organize normative features of sustainability discourses and, therefore, to contribute to the further development of sustainability science.     

基于最小累积阻力模型的三峡库区重庆段生态安全格局构建

三峡库区是长江上游生态环境集敏感、脆弱、复杂为一体的地区,其生态安全格局的构建对维护区域生态安全、实现区域可持续发展具有重要作用.以三峡库区重庆段为研究区,采用2018年土地利用现状数据和遥感数据,构建生态服务重要性与生态敏感性评价体系,综合确定生态源地;以坡度、起伏度、土地利用类型确定阻力值,采用最小累积阻力模型构建生态廊道,最终形成三峡库区重庆段生态安全格局.研究结果表明:三峡库区重庆段生态源地面积13660.80 km2,占研究区总面积的29.61％,主要分布于巫溪、奉节、石柱、开州等区县;生态廊道连接生态源地,共81条,总长度为3069.29 km,廊道呈树状辐射分布,呈现"东北-西南"树状分布的空间格局;生态源地与生态廊道共同形成三峡库区东北生态城镇圈、三峡库区西南都市生态圈以及连接两圈的三峡库区中部走廊的"一廊两圈"生态安全格局.研究结果对保障三峡库区生态安全具有重要意义,可为三峡库区生态环境环境保护提供科学依据.     

中国电线积冰灾害危险性评估和区划

中国有关电线积冰方面的观测资料太少,难以直接用于灾害评估。为了解决这个问题,利用1960-2009年现有的电线积冰和常规气象资料,在分析观测冰重和常规气象指标相关性的基础上,逐步筛选出影响冰重的主要气象指标,构建了电线积冰灾害危险性评估的常规气象指标体系,再利用常规气象资料采用多元线性回归方法估算积冰量,对中国电线积冰灾害危险性进行了评估和区划。结果表明:(1)在综合考虑相关性和空间代表性的基础上,影响雨凇和混合凇冰重的主要气象指标为过程平均风速、积冰时间、过程累计降水量;影响雾凇的为过程平均风速、过程浓雾时间。(2)中国大部分地区电线积冰灾害危险性较低,中高危险区面积较小,分布特征表现出明显的南北差异。中高危险区呈带状分布于南方地区的长江中下游山地丘陵区,北方地区则呈点状分布,具体位置与山地丘陵、江河湖泊均有着密切的关系。     

基于稳态模型的井下抽采主管道泄漏检测方法研究*

为准确检测煤矿井下瓦斯抽采主管道泄漏位置,提出基于稳态模型的管道泄漏检测与定位方法,采用Comsol数值模拟及地面相似实验研究压力梯度法对煤矿井下抽采管道泄漏检测与定位的可行性及准确性。研究结果表明:管道未泄漏时,管内沿线压力呈均匀分布,当管道突发泄漏时,管内压力分布呈现明显弯折现象,弯折处即为管道漏点位置,并对管道阻力计算公式进行修正,提高了检测准确性;随着管道泄漏程度的加大,湍流效应显著增强,漏点处速度、压力产生明显突变,且当其他条件恒定时,随着管道泄漏孔径的扩大,管道的漏入量越大,定位的相对误差越小;在宏岩矿开展地面相似实验,实验结果绝对误差为4.5 m,相对误差为6%;在阳煤五矿井下8421抽采巷进行现场应用,绝对误差134 m,相对误差约7.95%。     

复配修饰黏土对四环素的吸附及其应用探究

分别采用十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)对十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰高岭土(K)进行复配修饰,以批处理法探究其对紫色土(PS)吸附四环素(TC)的影响.结果表明:TC吸附是自发、吸热和熵增的反应,各供试材料对TC的吸附均符合Langmuir模型,且相同条件下60％复配修饰效果更佳....     

Factors controlling pathogen destruction during anaerobic digestion of biowastes

Anaerobic digestion is the principal method of stabilising biosolids from urban wastewater treatment in the UK, and it also has application for the treatment of other types of biowaste. Increasing awareness of the potential risks to human and animal health from environmental sources of pathogens has focused attention on the efficacy of waste treatment processes at destroying pathogenic microorganisms in biowastes recycled to agricultural land. The degree of disinfection achieved by a particular anaerobic digester is influenced by a variety of interacting operational variables and conditions, which can often deviate from the ideal. Experimental investigations demonstrate that Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are not damaged by mesophilic temperatures, whereas rapid inactivation occurs by thermophilic digestion. A hydraulic, biokinetic and thermodynamic model of pathogen inactivation during anaerobic digestion showed that a 2 log10 reduction in E. coli (the minimum removal required for agricultural use of conventionally treated biosolids) is likely to challenge most conventional mesophilic digesters, unless strict maintenance and management practices are adopted to minimise dead zones and by-pass flow. Efficient mixing and organic matter stabilisation are the main factors controlling the rate of inactivation under mesophilic conditions and not a direct effect of temperature per se on pathogenic organisms.     

区域绿地概念形成脉络与深层发展研究

《城市绿地分类标准》(CJJ/T 85-2017)中区域绿地概念是构建区域生态安全格局的重要"生态源"与"锚固点",目前被视为提升人类福祉的重要环节。总结国内外相关研究进展,本文从宏观、中观、微观三个尺度,梳理国内外具有区域绿地类型特征的生态用地起源与形成脉络。根据我国区域绿地所处的发展阶段,分析今后我国区域绿地的发展方向,从三个方面探讨区域绿地深层发展方向:①依据区域绿地类型划分保护的优先级,建立完善的保护政策;②深化研究区域绿地空间形态与功能的耦合协调机制,促进区域绿地最优效能发挥;③统筹多类型的区域绿地,维系区域一体化可持续发展。     

桂西南土壤镉地质异常区水稻种植安全性评估

为评估镉地质异常区水稻种植的安全性,在广西西南地区采集自然土壤41件,稻田土壤479件,相应水稻样品432组,测定其Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn含量以及土壤基本理化性质.运用单因子污染指数法（P_i）对样品污染程度进行评价,运用相关性分析探究影响稻米中重金属含量的主要因子.结果表明：①稻田土壤pH为6.8;有机质含量为39.00 g·kg^-1;基于《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618-2018）的风险筛选值,土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn超标率分别为60.75%、2.09%、0.83%和1.88%;②稻米Cd和Ni超标率分别为9.03%和4.39%,考虑秸秆作为饲料和有机肥原料,其Cd相应超标率分别为6.94%和1.16%.③相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机质、重金属总量和有效态含量均是影响稻米中重金属含量的主要因子.研究区稻米Cd、Ni均存在一定超标现象,可通过种植低积累水稻品种等措施降低稻米中重金属含量.