江河中有机污染物挥发速率的模拟和预测

以第二松花江重点有机污染物－硝基芳烃为对象，模拟研究了它们在江河中的挥发过程，同时采用４种理论模式，预测了１６种硝基芳烃的挥发速率常数，并将其结果与模拟实测值进行比较评价，讨论了各种模式的优缺点。     

Maternal cell contamination in chorionic villus samples assessed by direct preparations and three different culture methods

Presumptive maternal cell contamination (MCC) was monitored in identified male cases during cytogenetic comparison of direct techniques and three different culture regimes from 140 thoroughly dissected chorionic villus samples. Of the 66 identified male cases, 11(16·7 per cent) showed MCC, the mean number of cells examined per case being 8·2 (direct) and 14·5 (cultures); in the direct preparations only one of a total of 457 cells examined was female, while preparations from cultures revealed MCC in 11 cases. Four of these had MCC in more than one culture regime and four had only a single female cell. The results showed that (1) dependence on the culture system alone would have given a diagnosis based on maternal cells in one (1·5 per cent) male case, thus underlining the danger of this approach (a similar undetected rate of misdiagnosis being expected in the female cases) and (2) MCC was significantly lower in cultures grown in Chang medium as compared with the other two regimes, McCoy's 5A + 15 per cent fetal calf serum and 1 per cent Ultroser G, and McCoy's 5A + 25 per cent fetal calf serum, the latter expressing the highest level of MCC.     

沸石法工业污水氨氮治理技术研究

本文研究了斜发沸石法去除工业污水中氨氮的方法 ,通过沸石对NH+4 的全交换容量、吸附和洗脱工艺条件对去除氨氮效果影响的试验 ,确定了处理氨氮废水的工艺流程和适宜参数。结果表明 ,在废水浓度pH =7的条件下 ,沸石对铵的平均全交换容量达到 12 .96mg/g沸石 ,且交换容量随PH值的增大而降低 ;高速低温有利于吸附 ,低速高温有利于洗脱 ;处理后污水氨氮含量低于 5 0mg/L ,达到了国家排放标准。本研究可为治理氨氮废水技术开发提供了一定的技术依据     

Airborne lead in the Springfield, Missouri, area during a 19-year period (1975-1993)

Concentrations of airborne lead at Springfield, Missouri, in 1975-1993 have been determined by analysis of particulate material collected on glass-fiber filters during the 19-year period. Nitric acid-soluble lead in 1100 samples collected at a total of 19 monitoring stations was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and by differential pulse polarography. Ambient concentrations of airborne lead were found to decrease steadily (by more than 90%) during this period in spite of increases in area population and in automobile traffic. The decrease is significantly correlated with national trends in total emissions of lead to the atmosphere and with US ambient lead levels. Airborne lead from a coal-fired power plant was small compared with that from gasoline burning.     

线性溶剂化能相关方法应用及参数估算

简要介绍了线性溶剂化能相关方法的原理，回顾了该方法在溶解度、辛醇／水分配系数和生物毒性预测中的成功应用，重点讨论了参数估算规则，以利于该方法进一步推广。     

Response types in Collembola towards copper in the microenvironment

Laboratory studies were carried out to cast light on differences in density responses among collembolan species to copper (Cu)-polluted environments. In a recolonisation experiment, mesofauna originating from a copper (Cupolluted arable field were allowed to colonise defaunated Cu-contaminated and uncontaminated soil cores for 3 months. The abundances of Pseudosinella alba and gamasid mites were higher in the uncontaminated soil, whereas the majority of other collembolans tended to be more abundant in the Cu-enriched soil. Behavioural experiments were conducted to test the ability of single Collembola species to distinguish between filter paper and food soaked in water, Cu, and calcium (Ca) solutions. Onychiurus armatus avoided both Cu and Ca, whereas Folsomia quadrioculata and Folsomia manolachei showed a significant preference for Cu. Isotomurus palustris was not able to distinguish between Cu and water. The results are compared and discussed with regard to other studies on the occurrence and behaviour of Collembola in Cu-contaminated environments. We suggest that microsite selection according to preference or avoidance of high salinity of pore water may partly explain the community structure of Collembola in Cu-polluted soils which are characterised by an increase of euedaphic species. More studies have to be carried out to generalise this concept and to explore to what extent reduced predation by gamasid mites contribute to the success of certain Collembola in Cu-contaminated sites.     

Forest reflectance modeling: theoretical aspects and applications

Forest reflectance models are able to contribute to the interpretation of satellite images over forested areas. A multipurpose forest reflectance model, its basic ideas, model input and output options are briefly described. The possibility to apply the model in forest remote sensing is demonstrated through the following simulation examples: the age dependence of forest reflectance, the seasonal course of forest reflectance, defoliation effects on forest reflectance, sensitivity of chlorophyll and water indices with respect to leaf chlorophyll and water content, respectively, and uncertainties in these indices introduced by the variation in stand parameters. When used together with the atmospheric radiative transfer and sensor calibration models, the forest reflectance model is applicable in satellite-imagery-aided forest ecology and health assessment, forest inventory and management.     

石门揭煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测的理论分析

目前,我国石门揭煤工作面突出事故仍时有发生。为了研究石门揭煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出(以下简称"突出")预测问题,首先,根据工作经验指出我国《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》中2种预测方法(综合指标法、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标法)存在的不足,即预测指标缺乏理论依据、临界值往往难以通过试验考察确定;其次,建立了石门揭煤工作面突出预测的物理模型,认为突出主要是爆破卸压增渗与瓦斯渗流产生的剪应力达到了煤体的剪切强度所致(突出的必要条件而非充要条件);第三,采用变分法求解强非线性一维平面瓦斯渗流偏微分方程,获得包括非线性特性的自模拟解(近似解析解);最后,利用自模拟解等建立了石门揭煤工作面突出预测的临界条件,得到了瓦斯压力的临界值p0max与煤的坚固性系数f的平方成正比的结论。介绍了俄罗斯现行防突指南中的临界条件(p0max1.4f2)及有关情况,建议作为综合指标法等的辅助指标用于石门揭煤工作面突出预测,也可供斜井、立井揭煤工作面突出预测参考。     

三七渣浅盘发酵生产蛋白饲料的研究

文章考察了料层厚度、翻料操作和麸皮比例3个关键因素对黑曲霉/产朊假丝酵母浅盘发酵三七渣生产蛋白饲料的影响。研究结果表明,料层厚度对品温和发酵培养物真蛋白含量影响显著(p0.05),增加料层厚度将导致品温升高和发酵培养物真蛋白含量降低,适宜的料层厚度为2~3 cm;翻料操作可以降低品温并提高发酵培养物的真蛋白含量。麸皮比例对发酵培养物的真蛋白含量影响显著(p0.05),适宜的麸皮比例为10%。