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621.
Rivera-Rodríguez LB Rodríguez-Estrella R Ellington JJ Evans JJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(2):654-662
A solid phase extraction and gas chromatography with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry in scan mode (GC-NCI-MS) method was developed to identify and quantify for the first time low levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in plasma samples of less than 100 microl from wild birds. The method detection limits ranged from 0.012 to 0.102 pg/microl and the method reporting limit from 0.036 to 0.307 pg/microl for alpha, gamma, beta and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan-II, endrin-aldehyde and endosulfan-sulfate. Pesticide levels in small serum samples from individual Falco sparverius, Sturnella neglecta, Mimus polyglottos and Columbina passerina were quantified. Concentrations ranged from not detected (n/d) to 204.9 pg/microl for some OC pesticides. All levels in the food web in and around cultivated areas showed the presence of pesticides notwithstanding the small areas for agriculture existing in the desert of Baja California peninsula. 相似文献
622.
Regional Environmental Change - Climate change, land use change, and sociopolitical and institutional transitions in African drylands have resulted in the loss, fragmentation, and degradation of... 相似文献
623.
Kjeld Rasmussen Sarah D’haen Rasmus Fensholt Bjarne Fog Stephanie Horion Jonas Ostergaard Nielsen Laura Vang Rasmussen Anette Reenberg 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(3):673-680
The Sahel has been the object of intensive international research since the drought of the early 1970s. A considerable part of the research has focused on environmental change in general and land degradation, land cover change and climate change in particular. Rich and diverse insights from many different scientific disciplines about these three domains have been put forward. One intriguing feature is that an agreement on the overall trends of environmental change does not appear to emerge: questions such as whether the Sahel is greening, cropland is encroaching on rangelands, drought persists remain contested in the scientific literature, and arguments are supported by contrasting empirical evidence. The paper explores the generic reasons behind this situation in a systematic manner. We distinguish between divergences in interpretations emerging from (1) conceptualizations, definitions and choice of indicators, (2) biases, for example, related to selection of study sites, methodological choices, measurement accuracy, perceptions among interlocutors, and selection of temporal and spatial scales of analysis. The analysis of the root causes for different interpretations suggests that differences in findings could often be considered as complementary insights rather than mutually exclusive. This will have implications for the ways in which scientific results can be expected to support regional environmental policies and contribute to knowledge production. 相似文献
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626.
European policy responses to climate change: progress on mainstreaming emissions reduction and adaptation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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628.
Jordan NR Slotterback CS Cadieux KV Mulla DJ Pitt DG Olabisi LS Kim JO 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):1-12
Increasingly, total maximum daily load (TMDL) limits are being defined for agricultural watersheds. Reductions in non-point
source pollution are often needed to meet TMDL limits, and improvements in management of annual crops appear insufficient
to achieve the necessary reductions. Increased adoption of perennial crops and other changes in agricultural land use also
appear necessary, but face major barriers. We outline a novel strategy that aims to create new economic opportunities for
land-owners and other stakeholders and thereby to attract their voluntary participation in land-use change needed to meet
TMDLs. Our strategy has two key elements. First, focused efforts are needed to create new economic enterprises that capitalize
on the productive potential of multifunctional agriculture (MFA). MFA seeks to produce a wide range of goods and ecosystem
services by well-designed deployment of annual and perennial crops across agricultural landscapes and watersheds; new revenue
from MFA may substantially finance land-use change needed to meet TMDLs. Second, efforts to capitalize on MFA should use a
novel methodology, the Communicative/Systemic Approach (C/SA). C/SA uses an integrative GIS-based spatial modeling framework
for systematically assessing tradeoffs and synergies in design and evaluation of multifunctional agricultural landscapes,
closely linked to deliberation and design processes by which multiple stakeholders can collaboratively create appropriate
and acceptable MFA landscape designs. We anticipate that application of C/SA will strongly accelerate TMDL implementation,
by aligning the interests of multiple stakeholders whose active support is needed to change agricultural land use and thereby
meet TMDL goals. 相似文献
629.
Loretta Gratani Rosangela Catoni Laura Varone 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,178(1-4):383-392
CO2 sequestration capacity of Quercus ilex L., an evergreen species developing in shrub and forest communities widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin, was analysed. Experiments were carried out in the period of January to December 2009 on 20 shrubs of different size, growing at the Botanical Garden of Rome. At shrub level, the largest differences concern total photosynthetic leaf surface area per shrub and shrub volume. Shrubs structure significantly contribute to reduce total irradiance and air temperature below the canopy. Leaf mass per area is higher in sun leaves than in shade ones (20 ± 1 and 12 ± 2 mg cm???2, respectively). Sun leaves are also characterised by the highest leaf thickness (78% higher in sun than in shade leaves), the spongy parenchyma thickness (71% higher in sun than in shade leaves) and the highest adaxial cuticle thickness (7.2 ± 1.2 and 4.7 ± 0.5 ??m, respectively). Net photosynthetic rates (P N) of sun and shade leaves are the highest in spring, and shade leaves contribute 6% to the whole shrub P N. Q. ilex CO2 sequestration depends on shrub size. In particular, the CO2 sequestration per shrub was 0.20 ± 0.02 Kg CO2 year???1 in small shrubs, and it was 75% and 98% lower than in medium and large ones. The highest CO2 sequestration is measured in spring, decreasing 77% during drought. Q. ilex may play a significant role in mitigating carbon dioxide concentration and lowering air and soil temperature in areas around the Mediterranean Basin. 相似文献
630.
Oscar Amin Laura Comoglio Carla Spetter Claudia Duarte Ra��l Asteasuain Rub��n Hugo Freije Jorge Marcovecchio 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,175(1-4):63-73
The study deals with the determination of physico-chemical parameters, inorganic nutrients, particulate organic matter, and photosynthetic pigments on a monthly basis during an annual cycle from nine sampling sites of the coastal zone of a high-latitude ecosystem (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Nitrites and phosphates concentrations were similar to other systems of the south Atlantic coast (median, 0.30 and 1.02 ??M, respectively), while nitrates were higher in all sampling periods (median, 45.37 ??M), and silicates were significantly smaller (median, 7.76 ??M). Chlorophyll a and phaeopigments have shown median values of 0.38 and 0.85 mg m???3, respectively, while saturated values of dissolved oxygen were recorded throughout the study. The analysis reflected that nutrient enrichment seems to be linked to an anthropogenic source, the presence of peatlands areas, and a sink of Nothofagus pumilio woods. The area could be characterized in three zones related to (1) high urban influence, (2) natural inputs of freshwater, and (3) mixed inputs coming from moderate urban impacts. 相似文献