淀山湖上覆水与沉积物孔隙水中重金属的分布特征

研究了淀山湖上覆水和沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd,Cr,Cu ,Fe和Mn的浓度及Eh 分布 ,分析了孔隙水中重金属的扩散通量 .结果表明 ,淀山湖中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为 :Mn >Fe >Cr,Cu ,Pb >Cd ;Fe和Mn在孔隙水中的浓度远远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ,表层沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd ,Cr,Cu的浓度稍大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ;沉积物中的重金属可能按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散而最终影响上覆水的水质     

Cave molly females (Poecilia mexicana, Poeciliidae, Teleostei) like well-fed males

We examined the preference of Atlantic molly females (Poecilia mexicana) to associate with a well-fed or a starved male in simultaneous choice tests. Females from three different populations were tested in three treatments: (1) the females could choose on the basis of multiple cues from the males (visual plus non-visual); (2) only non-visual cues could be perceived in darkness, (3) only visual cues were presented. The three tested populations differ clearly in their ecology: one population occurs in a typical river habitat, the second one in a milky sulfur creek outside a cave, and the third population occurs in a cave habitat (cave molly). In the river-dwelling population, females never showed a preference. In the population from the sulfur creek, females preferred to associate with the well-nourished male when visual cues from the males were available. Only cave molly females exhibited a strong preference for well-nourished males in all treatments. A morphological comparison demonstrated that wild-caught males from river habitats are typically in a good nutritional state. In the sulfur creek, males showed signs of starvation. Cave molly males were in an even worse nutritional state. In the cave population, saturated males probably indicate high fitness, thereby driving the evolution of the preference for good male nutritional state.Communicated by K. Lindström     

A comparative study of the effects of chloride, sulfate and nitrate ions on the rates of decomposition of H2O2 and organic compounds by Fe(II)/H2O2 and Fe(III)/H2O2

The effects of chloride, nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate ions on the rates of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the oxidation of organic compounds by the Fenton's process have been investigated. Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor, in the dark at pH < or = 3.0 and at 25 degrees C. Data obtained from Fe(II)/H2O2 experiments with [Fe(II)]0/[H2O2]0 > or = 2 mol mol(-1), showed that the rates of reaction between Fe(II) and H2O2 followed the order SO4(2-) > ClO4(-) = NO3- = Cl-. For the Fe(III)/H2O2 process, identical rates were obtained in the presence of nitrate and perchlorate, whereas the presence of sulfate or chloride markedly decreased the rates of decomposition of H2O2 by Fe(III) and the rates of oxidation of atrazine ([atrazine]0 = 0.83 microM), 4-nitrophenol ([4-NP]0 = 1 mM) and acetic acid ([acetic acid]0 = 2 mM). These inhibitory effects have been attributed to a decrease of the rate of generation of hydroxyl radicals resulting from the formation of Fe(III) complexes and the formation of less reactive (SO4(*-)) or much less reactive (Cl2(*-)) inorganic radicals.     

Tissue distribution and bioconcentration factors of PCDD/Fs in the liver and adipose tissue following chronic ingestion of contaminated milk in rats

The aim of this study was to determine the tissue distribution of 17 PCDD/Fs following the chronic ingestion of contaminated milk in rats and to assess the "target tissue/milk" BioConcentration Factors (BCFs) of these molecules. Contaminated milk, collected in a polluted area, has been incorporated into the diet of male rats at a low dose (31 pg I-TEQ/day/rat). For this exposure, the accumulation of PCDD/Fs in target tissues (liver and adipose tissue) was limited, the tissue concentrations stabilising between 90 and 120 days of daily intake to levels close to 3 pg/g of tissue (all tissues and molecules combined). The tissue distribution seemed to be governed by the congeners properties and by the tissue characteristics. An increase in the chlorination degree of dioxins caused a decrease in their incorporation in the adipose tissue, and consequently of the BCF values. Moreover, the distribution of dioxins between hepatocytes and adipocytes differed: unlike the liver, the quantities of dioxins in the adipose tissue were significantly (P<0.05) correlated to the quantity of tissue fat. Only in the liver, the incorporation of PCDDs seemed to be facilitated when the chlorination degree of these congeners increased, the reverse phenomenon having been observed for PCDFs. However, for the same level of chlorination, the BCFs of PCDFs were 2.4 times higher than those of PCDDs in this tissue. The absence of correlation between the quantity of dioxins and that of fat and the BCFs differences of theses congeners suggested that dioxins fixation process in the liver was selective.     

水体中卤乙酸（HAAs）的产生、测定方法与控制途径

对饮用水中普遍存在的消毒副产物形式HAAs的产生、测定方法以及控制途径进行了阐述。并对影响HAAs生成的主要因素投氯量、溴的影响以及卤乙酸副产物（HAAFP）含量等进行了分析。生物活性炭技术是一种非常有效的控制HAAs含量和减少HAAFP含量的方法，对于保障饮用水安全性具有重要意义。     

Effects of elevated soil copper on phenology,growth and reproduction of five ruderal plant species

The repeated use of copper (Cu) fungicides to control vine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, has been responsible for the heavy increase of Cu concentration in the upper layers of vineyard soils. To determine the effects of elevated soil Cu on plant development, we created an artificial soil gradient with Cu enrichments ranging from 0 to 400 mg kg-1. On this gradient, and for five ruderal plant species commonly found in vineyards in southern France (Poa annua L., Dactylis glomerata L., Senecio vulgaris L., Hypochoeris radicata L., and Andryala integriflolia L.), we quantified survival, growth, and reproduction throughout one flowering season. High concentrations of Cu in the soil resulted in low survival, low total plant biomass, delay in flowering and fruiting, and low seed set. However, the effects differed among species. Furthermore, high soil Cu concentrations had contrasting effects on patterns of resource allocation depending on the plant species.     

Temperature dependence of Henry's law constants of metolachlor and diazinon

A dynamic system based on the water/air equilibrium at the interface within the length of a microporous tube has been used to determine experimentally the Henry's law constants (HLC) of two pesticides: metolachlor and diazinon. The measurements were conducted over the temperature range 283-301 K. At 293 K, HLCs values are (42.6+/-2.8) x 10(3) (in units of M atm(-1)) for metolachlor and (3.0+/-0.3)x10(3) for diazinon. The obtained data were used to derive the following Arrhenius expressions: HLC=(3.0+/-0.4) x 10(-11) exp((10,200+/-1,000)/T) for metolachlor and (7.2+/-0.5) x 10(-15) exp((11,900+/-700)/T) for diazinon. At a cumulus cloud temperature of 283 K, the fractions of metolachlor and diazinon in the atmospheric aqueous phase are about 57% and 11% respectively. In order to evaluate the impact of a cloud on the atmospheric chemistry of both studied pesticides, we compare also their atmospheric lifetimes under clear sky (tau(gas)), and cloudy conditions (tau(multiphase)). The calculated multiphase lifetimes (in units of hours) are significantly lower than those in gas phase at a cumulus temperature of 283 K (in parentheses): metolachlor, 0.4 (2.9); diazinon, 1.9 (5.0).     

Oyster Contamination with Human Noroviruses Impacted by Urban Drainage and Seasonal Flooding in Vietnam

This study investigated the level of norovirus contamination in oysters collected at a lagoon receiving urban drainage from Hue City for 17 months (August 2015–December 2016). We also investigated the genetic diversity of norovirus GI and GII in oyster and wastewater samples by using pyrosequencing to evaluate the effect of urban drainage on norovirus contamination of oysters. A total of 34 oyster samples were collected at two sampling sites (stations A and B) in a lagoon. Norovirus GI was more frequently detected than GII (positive rate 79 vs. 41%). Maximum concentrations of GI and GII were 2.4 × 10⁵ and 2.3 × 10⁴ copies/g, respectively. Co-contamination with GI and GII was observed in 35% of samples. Norovirus GII concentration was higher at station A in the flood season than in the dry season (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Six genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified in both wastewater and oyster samples, and genetically similar or identical sequences were obtained from the two types of samples. These observations suggest that urban drainage and seasonal flooding contribute to norovirus contamination of oysters in the study area.     

生物炭施用量对紫色水稻土温室气体排放的影响

为探究生物炭施用量对紫色水稻土温室气体排放的影响,通过盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,研究了不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、10 t·hm-2生物炭+NPK(LBC)、20 t·hm-2生物炭+NPK(MBC)、40 t·hm~(-2)生物炭+NPK(HBC)这5种处理下温室气体的排放规律.结果表明:(1)生物炭施用显著降低了土壤CH_4排放通量,其排放通量大小顺序为:NPKCKLBCMBCHBC,各处理CH_4排放通量均呈单峰型曲线,峰值主要集中在水稻的生长后期,整个观测期CH_4的排放通量在-0.05~47.34 mg·( m~2·h)~(-1)之间;各处理CO_2排放通量变化较复杂,介于32.95~1 350.88mg·( m~2·h)~(-1)之间,除LBC和MBC处理呈双峰型曲线外,其余处理均呈单峰型,不同生物炭施用量处理均延后了CO_2排放通量峰值出现的时间;N_2O的排放通量在-309.39~895.48μg·( m~2·h)~(-1)之间,除LBC处理呈双峰型曲线变化外,其余处理均呈单峰型曲线;(2)与空白对照处理相比,生物炭处理均可显著降低CH_4的累积排放量,而促进了CO_2和N_2O累积排放量,CH_4、CO_2和N_2O的平均累积排放量从大到小分别为CKLBCMBCHBC处理、LBCMBCHBCCK处理和HBCMBC≈LBCCK处理;与常规施肥处理相比,不同施用量生物炭添加均可显著降低CH_4和CO_2的排放,且生物炭添加量越多,对CH_4和CO_2排放的减缓作用越明显,但是对N_2O排放的抑制作用尚不明显;(3)在100 a时间尺度上各生物炭处理可显著降低温室气体的综合增温潜势,表明生物炭配施化肥是一种有效的减排措施.     

菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响

中国是食用菌生产大国,每年食用菌菌渣产出量较大,为探明菌渣还田量对紫色水稻土净温室气体排放的影响,于2017年3~9月,通过盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、9 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(LM)、18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(MM)、36 t·hm~(-2)菌渣+NPK(HM)这5种处理稻田土壤温室气体的排放规律,并采用土壤碳库法对农田系统净温室气体排放(NGHGE)进行评价.结果表明:(1)土壤温室气体(包括CH_4、CO_2、N_2O)排放随着菌渣还田量的增加而增加,CH_4排放量顺序为:HMMMLM≈NPKCK;HM处理显著增加了CH_4的排放通量(P0.01),其他处理差异并不显著(P0.05),CH_4排放通量LM处理呈双峰型曲线,MM处理呈多峰型,HM处理呈现非常明显的单峰型曲线;CO_2累积排放量大小依次为:MMNPK≈LMHMCK,CO_2排放通量曲线LM处理呈单峰型、MM处理呈双峰型、HM处理呈现多峰型;NPK处理N_2O累积排放量显著高于其他处理,N_2O排放通量曲线NPK处理呈双峰型、LM和MM处理呈现多峰型,HM呈单峰型变化;(2)LM处理土壤固碳能力较低,NPK、MM与HM处理土壤固碳能力均较高;MM处理土壤固碳能力显著高于其他处理(P0.01),比纯施化肥处理提高了59.2%,比LM和HM处理提高了87.79%和65.65%;与土壤固碳能力相反,LM处理植物固碳能力最高,比NPK和MM处理提高了16.1%~22.2%,约为CK处理和HM处理的2.1倍;(3)MM处理整个水稻生产期NGHGE值最小,为-490.29 kg·hm~(-2),表现为温室气体的"汇",18 t·hm~(-2)菌渣还田是紫色水稻土净温室气体排放最优的还田方式.