Iron improving bio-char derived from microalgae on removal of tetracycline from aqueous system

Novel magnetic carbonaceous bio-char was hydrothermal prepared from microalgae under different loadings of iron and its structures and surface chemistry were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET). The morphology of bio-char changed from sheet to particle as iron loading increased and its surface area also increased. When 3.0 g of dried microalgae and 6.0 mmol iron salt ((NH₄)₂SO₄·FeSO₄·6H₂O) were mixed and treated, the obtained bio-char possessing the highest amount of oxygen-containing functional groups resulted in the best adsorption performance on tetracycline (TC). This adsorption process was fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was 95.86 mg/g, which is higher than other bio-char reported. The iron loading contributed to the higher adsorption capacity of bio-char, which may be due to three factors, the high surface area, more hydrogen bonding, and bridging effects of the structural Fe for TC. Our data suggest that bio-char may have more important role in stabilization of pollutants in the environment.     

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots

Agricultural pollution caused by the use of plastic sheetings has been documented to be a widespread problem in most of the major crop-planting regions of the world. In order to better understand the phytotoxic mechanisms induced by phthalic acid esters involved with this problem, Cucumber sativus L. cv Jinyan No. 4 were sown in pots to the three-leaf-stage in the presence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 0, 30, 50, 100, and 200 mg L^?1) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Physiology, biochemistry, and ultrastructure of seedling roots were examined. The results indicated that activities of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)) were stimulated at low-DBP treatments and decreased under higher levels (>100 mg L^?1) compared to the controls. On the other hand, SOD and POD provided a better defense against DBP-induced oxidative damage in the roots of cucumber seeding, compared to CAT. The productions of both malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) were promoted under DBP stress. Visible impact on the cytoderm, mitochondrion, and vacuole was detected, possibly as a consequence of free radical generation. These results suggested that activation of the antioxidant system by DBP led to the formation of reactive oxygen species that resulted in cellular damage.     

Co-composting of livestock manure with rice straw: Characterization and establishment of maturity evaluation system

Composting is considered to be a primary treatment method for livestock manure and rice straw, and high degree of maturity is a prerequisite for safe land application of the composting products. In this study pilot-scale experiments were carried out to characterize the co-composting process of livestock manure with rice straw, as well as to establish a maturity evaluation index system for the composts obtained. Two pilot composting piles with different feedstocks were conducted for 3 months: (1) swine manure and rice straw (SM–RS); and (2) dairy manure and rice straw (DM–RS). During the composting process, parameters including temperature, moisture, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), different forms of nitrogen (total, ammonia and nitrate), and humification index (humic acid and fulvic acid) were monitored in addition to germination index (GI), plant growth index (PGI) and Solvita maturity index. OM loss followed the first-order kinetic model in both piles, and a slightly faster OM mineralization was achieved in the SM–RS pile. Also, the SM–RS pile exhibited slightly better performance than the DM–RS according to the evolutions of temperature, OM degradation, GI and PGI. The C/N ratio, GI and PGI could be included in the maturity evaluation index system in which GI > 120% and PGI > 1.00 signal mature co-composts.     

Influences of adding easily degradable organic waste on the minimization and humification of organic matter during straw composting

To find a better composting process with low greenhouse gas emission and high humus production, the effect of adding kitchen waste on reduction and humification of organic matter during straw composting was studied. Three processes were compared, consisting of different ratios of straw and kitchen waste (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). At four time points over a 62-d incubation, the reduction and humification of compost was evaluated by measuring the total mass, carbon content, and humic material content of the compost. Treatment 1 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:2) reduced the total mass of compost the most. Treatment 2 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:1) reduced the total carbon content the most, reflecting the highest emission of greenhouse gas. Treatment 3 produced the most humic acid material and released the lowest amount of carbon. Hence, from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing stable organic matter such as humus and humic acid during composting, treatment #3 was optimal. The three treatments resulted in significant differences in microbial biomass and enzyme activity during composting. The highest amount of active microbial biomass was associated with the largest reduction in compost mass (treatment 1). Higher proportions of straw (treatments 2 and 3), which contains more lignin, were associated with greater β-glycosidase activity, which may generate more humus that can improve soil quality. Dehydrogenase activity seemed to be the most important microbial factor in organic carbon catabolism or humification.     

阿海水电站新源沟砂石加工废水处理工艺浅谈

新源沟砂石加工系统生产废水SS浓度高,采用水力旋流/加药絮凝/多级沉淀工艺处理,运行结果表明,处理出水水质满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准中的给定限值70mg/L,达标出水全部回用。     

充分利用环保倒逼机制促进产业结构调整升级

淄博市污染聚集,环境质量易受外来因素影响,产业结构不合理,污染物排放量大,排放强度高。但其充分发挥环保的倒逼作用,通过建立健全环保政策法规体系,严格执行高于省及国家标准的地方环保标准,大力发展高新技术和现代服务业,加快改造传统产业,极大地促进了产业结构升级和经济发展方式的转变。     

脱氮吸附剂深度脱除模拟含氮油中氮化物的研究

将磷钨酸、甲醛气体负载于介孔分子筛SBA-15中制备脱氮吸附剂,其中SBA-15、磷钨酸、甲醛的质量比为10∶7∶3.以喹啉、吲哚和咔唑为目标氮化物,二甲苯及二甲苯和十二烷的混合液为溶剂配制模拟含氮油,考察了反应温度、氮化物类型对脱氮反应速率的影响以及磷钨酸、甲醛的脱氮机制.结果表明,磷钨酸可以有效脱除碱性氮化物和低浓度非碱性氮化物,甲醛能强化吸附剂对非碱性氮化物的选择性.在70℃、脱氮吸附剂与高浓度模拟含氮油质量比为2.0∶30.0的条件下,模拟含氮油中的氮化物在90 min内可以被深度脱除.磷钨酸对碱性氮化物的脱除机制为磷钨酸和碱性氮化物间的配合作用和酸碱反应,磷钨酸对非碱性氮化物的脱除机制为氮化物和甲醛在酸催化下缩合反应生成聚合物.反应吸附剂再生回用后的脱氮能力随氮化物碱性的增强而减弱.     

乡村旅游的本质回归:乡村性的认知与保护

乡村旅游已成为国内旅游的一种重要模式。通过文献分析,从理论认知与游客感知两个层面认为乡村性与其所决定的乡村意象共同构成了乡村旅游的核心吸引力。而乡村性在快速的城市化、工业化进程中已经受损,过度强化经济功能的乡村旅游则可能加剧这一趋势。基于对"农家乐"及"景区化"两种不同乡村旅游开发模式的评价,认为不同开发模式中都存在着过度强化短期旅游经济利益,忽视乡村旅游核心吸引力的认知与保护,导致乡村性退化的共同特征,使得快速发展的乡村旅游在不断侵蚀着自我发展的根基,并逐渐背离了自身发展的宗旨,呈现出不可持续性。因而提出乡村旅游的可持续发展必须关注乡村性的保护,明确城乡规划中资源特色型乡村旅游地的功能地位及其未来用地发展方向,保护乡村居民参与旅游与分享旅游的权益,转变政府角色,注重乡村现代化发展中新的乡村意象的塑造,以使乡村旅游与乡村建设得以真正的可持续发展。     

MTBF保证试验技术方法分析与探讨

介绍了美军使用的MTBF保证试验法,并对进行MTBF保证试验的机理和经保证试验后使用方的风险进行了分析,认为保证试验在很短时间内验证长时间的MTBF值,却非加速试验。指出MTBF保证试验后,使用方风险比可靠性鉴定试验要小,并用具体试验方案举例说明其有效性,说明了MTBF保证试验可在工程上应用。     

Immobilization of non-point phosphorus using stabilized magnetite nanoparticles with enhanced transportability and reactivity in soils

Laboratory batch and column experiments were conducted to investigate the immobilization of phosphorus (P) in soils using synthetic magnetite nanoparticles stabilized with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-NP). Although CMC-stabilized magnetite particles were at the nanoscale, phosphorus removal by the nanoparticles was less than that of microparticles (MP) without the stabilizer due to the reduced P reactivity caused by the coating. The P reactivity of CMC-NP was effectively recovered when cellulase was added to degrade the coating. For subsurface non-point P pollution control for a water pond, it is possible to inject CMC-NP to form an enclosed protection wall in the surrounding soils. Non-stabilized “nanomagnetite” could not pass through the soil column under gravity because it quickly agglomerated into microparticles. The immobilized P was 30% in the control soil column, 33% when treated by non-stabilized MP, 45% when treated by CMC-NP, and 73% when treated by both CMC-NP and cellulase.