亚热带丘陵区人工湿地底栖动物群落特征研究

以湖南长沙亚热带丘陵区为研究区域,以处理农村综合污水（含畜禽养殖废水、农村生活污水及农田排水）为主要目的,通过野外小区控制试验,设置梭鱼草（Pontederia cordata）、绿狐尾藻（Myriophyllum elatinoides）、梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合（Pontederia cordata+Myriophyllum elatinoides）及无植物对照（CK）4个湿地处理,分别于2019年4、7、10、12月采集底泥样品,研究不同植物湿地底栖动物物种组成与优势种、丰度与生物量及生物多样性的季节变化特征,并探讨其与环境因子的关系.结果表明：4个季节共采集到底栖动物27种,以水生昆虫居多（22种）.耐污性较强的霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、苏氏尾鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi）和黄色羽摇蚊（Chironomus flaviplumus）为4个季节共同存在物种.与单一植物湿地相比,水质处理效果最好的梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合湿地的底栖动物年均丰度和生物量最低,仅为522ind/m²和52.1g/m²,而无植物对照湿地的底栖动物年均丰度和生物量最高,分别为3665ind/m²和146.3g/m².夏、秋季各处理湿地底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H'）、Margalef丰富度指数（d）和Pielou均匀度指数（J）总体上高于春、冬季.其中,春季Margalef丰富度指数表现为梭鱼草、无植物对照湿地显著高于绿狐尾藻和梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合湿地（P<0.05）,夏季Pielou均匀度指数表现为无植物对照湿地显著低于有植物配置的湿地（P<0.05）,冬季Margalef丰富度指数则表现为梭鱼草、梭鱼草+绿狐尾藻组合湿地显著高于绿狐尾藻和无植物对照湿地（P<0.05）.Spearman相关分析结果表明,底栖动物物种数与pH值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,丰度与DO呈负相关,而与其他环境因子呈正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析结果进一步表明,DO是影响腹足纲的主要环境因子,而寡毛纲和摇蚊幼虫受制环境因子较多,主要与TN、COD相关性较大.     

不同预处理方法促进剩余污泥发酵制氢研究进展

综述了剩余污泥发酵制氢的底物预处理方法,主要包括物理法（热水解法、微波法、超声波法、冻融法）;化学法（酸碱预处理、臭氧氧化法）;生物法（生物强化技术、生物酶法）,分析比较了不同预处理方法的剩余污泥发酵制氢体系的氢气含量及产率,污泥处理后溶解性化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸含量的变化和工程应用的优缺点,并指出目前研究存在的一些不足和对未来应用前景的展望,以期为剩余污泥发酵制氢预处理方法的研究与应用提供依据.     

填埋场原位好氧稳定化技术的应用现状及研究进展

综述了原位好氧稳定化技术的原理、系统构成、关键单元的设计和优化及终点评价,结合我国填埋场及垃圾特点,展望了该技术在我国的发展前景和挑战.均匀布气及配水是原位好氧稳定化项目实施过程中主要的难点.做好渗滤液导排保证堆体最优含水率、优化曝气及提气管道布局、分层整治并辅以高压局部曝气有望提高氧气利用率;采用分层回灌或者压力回灌以及控制回灌速率可分别改善液体回灌过程中的屏障效应和大孔隙出流效应,保障堆体布水均匀.好氧稳定化处理后垃圾腐殖土及场底土壤的风险评价体系及最终出路尚未明确,后期加强相关基础研究以指导工程应用是必要的.     

新冠期间河北省典型钢铁企业大气污染影响

基于国家气象局气象预报数据,建立了基于AERMOD的钢铁企业污染预报模型,模拟了新冠疫情管控期（2020年2~3月）及解封后期（2020年4~10月）河北省某钢铁企业对大气污染的影响,并结合空气质量实测数据进行模型验证.结果显示,不利风向条件下,该钢铁厂大气污染物排放对当地3个国控站点SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的平均浓度贡献占比,在疫情管控期分别为20.19%~33.81%,17.49%~23.46%和2.02%~2.69%,在解封后期分别为13.43%~21.01%,11.09%~20.92%和1.20%~2.22%.由于疫情管控期受其他人为源干扰较少,该钢铁厂SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的预报值和三个国控站点实际监测值的相关系数,在新冠疫情管控期（在单个站点中,最高分别为0.43、0.48和0.29）高于解封后期（最高分别为0.42、0.39和0.07）.     

海盐非均相反应对山东沿海大气O3浓度的影响

通过改进WRF-CMAQ模型中非均相反应模块,定量研究了2017年夏季和冬季海盐与含氮气体非均相反应对我国山东沿海地区大气O₃浓度的影响.模拟结果表明,考虑海盐气溶胶非均相反应后,山东沿海地区夏季O₃小时浓度增加了0.2×10^-9~6.6×10^-9（0.5%~15.5%）,冬季增加了0.8×10^-9~15.3×10^-9（1.7%~27.4%）,ClNO₂在夏季和冬季分别增加了100×10^-12~250×10^-12,300×10^-12~650×10^-12;夏季O₃浓度增加主要集中在山东东部,而冬季O₃的增加则覆盖了山东大部分地区,表明海盐非均相反应对冬季O₃的影响强度及范围均明显高于夏季.海盐非均相反应引起的O₃浓度增加主要发生在日间,特别是8：00~16：00.该反应对渤海及南黄海大气O₃浓度也有影响,且在这些海域生成的O₃可通过4条传输路径影响山东沿海地区,甚至可影响到济南、菏泽等山东中西部地区（距离山东东部海岸线~350km）;海洋大气中O₃的传输可造成山东东部沿海O₃浓度升高0.2×10^-9~15.3×10^-9,山东中西部O₃升高0.3×10^-9~6.2×10^-9.     

螺形龟甲轮虫形态结构对环境变化的响应

以螺形龟甲轮虫为研究对象,于2015年7月至2018年12月,选取广东南澳岛及湖南常德中营养至中度富营养水体共14个样点进行采样,对螺形龟甲轮虫进行了形态特征测量分析.结果表明,水温是螺形龟甲轮虫形态变化最主要影响因子,且与背甲长、背甲宽、棘刺长度均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）.不同纬度条件下螺形龟甲轮虫形态参数差异显著,常德地区螺形龟甲轮虫个体显著大于南澳地区（P<0.05）.螺形龟甲轮虫形态存在显著季节性变化,各形态参数随季节波动呈现夏秋、冬春分化模式.螺形龟甲轮虫后棘刺长随水体营养程度增加而减小（F=159.4,P<0.01）,富营养条件下后棘刺长度占全长的比例减小（F=167.5,P<0.01）.研究结果表明,螺形龟甲轮虫棘刺长度可作为水质生物监测指标,并为研究全球气候变暖提供重要参考.     

基于AHP-熵权法的水环境承载力模糊综合评价

针对水环境承载力评价存在的不确定性和模糊性问题,该研究采用层次分析法和熵权法进行组合赋权,利用模糊综合评价法对粤港澳大湾区9个城市的水环境承载力进行评价,并引入障碍度模型确定影响水环境承载力的主要障碍度因素.结果 表明:2013-2018年9个城市的水环境承载力总体呈上升趋势,但城市间的变化差异明显;9个城市水环境承载力的障碍指标差异明显,其中人均水资源量以20.7％的障碍度均值成为首要障碍度指标;通过障碍度频率分析可得9个城市的主要障碍度指标包括人均水资源量、生态用水率、万元GDP污(废)水排放量和第三产业比重,这4项指标的频率均为89％.将该方法应用于区域水环境承载力的评价,其结果可为区域水环境的管理和相关政策的制定提供依据.     

Impact of meteorological condition changes on air quality and particulate chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown

Stringent quarantine measures during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown period (January 23, 2020 to March 15, 2020) have resulted in a distinct decrease in anthropogenic source emissions in North China Plain compared to the paralleled period of 2019. Particularly, 22.7% decrease in NO₂ and 3.0% increase of O₃ was observed in Tianjin, nonlinear relationship between O₃ generation and NO₂ implied that synergetic control of NO_x and VOCs is needed. Deteriorating meteorological condition during the COVID-19 lockdown obscured the actual PM_2.5 reduction. Fireworks transport in 2020 Spring Festival (SF) triggered regional haze pollution. PM_2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown only reduced by 5.6% in Tianjin. Here we used the dispersion coefficient to normalize the measured PM_2.5 (DN-PM_2.5), aiming to eliminate the adverse meteorological impact and roughly estimate the actual PM_2.5 reduction, which reduced by 17.7% during the COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of PM_2.5 chemical composition, significant NO₃^? increase was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, as a tracer of atmospheric oxidation capacity, odd oxygen (O_x = NO₂ + O₃) was observed to reduce during the COVID-19 lockdown, whereas relative humidity (RH), specific humidity and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) were observed with noticeable enhancement. Nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) was observed to increase at higher specific humidity and ALWC, especially in the haze episode occurred during 2020SF, high air humidity and obvious nitrate generation was observed. Anomalously enhanced air humidity may response for the nitrate increase during the COVID-19 lockdown period.     

Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m³ and 0.15 ng/m³, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m³) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m³) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10^?10, 3.49 × 10^?9 and 1.41 × 10^?8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10^?6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.     

Isolation and characterization of a strain with high microbial attachment in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granule is a special microbial aggregate associated with biofilm structure. The formation of aerobic granular sludge is primarily depending on its bacterial community and relevant microbiological properties. In this experiment, a strain with high microbial attachment was isolated from aerobic granular sludge, and the detailed characteristics were examined. Its high attachment ability could reach 2.34 (OD_600nm), while other low attachment values were only around 0.06-0.32, which indicated a big variation among the different bacteria. The strain exhibited a very special morphology with many fibric fingers under SEM observation. A distinctive behaviour was to form a spherical particle by themselves, which would be very beneficial for the formation and development of granular sludge. The EPS measurement showed that its PN content was higher than low attachment bacteria, and 3D-EEM confirmed that there were some different components. Based on the 16S rRNA analysis, it was identified to mostly belong to Stenotrophomonas. Its augmentation to particle sludge cultivation demonstrated that the strain could significantly promote the formation of aerobic granule. Conclusively, it was strongly suggested that it might be used as a good and potential model strain or chassis organism for the aerobic granular sludge formation and development.