小群体行为作用下的地铁站疏散模型研究

为研究小群体行为作用对地铁站突发事件人群疏散效率的影响,基于社会力模型理论和智能体技术,构建地铁站人群疏散模型。分析小群体趋向性、协调一致性等行为特征,运用社会力模型理论,计算小群体成员移动速度;量化小群体行为对群体内部成员作用大小,修正成员期望速度,确定人群疏散速度;以某地铁站火灾事故为例,分别模拟单人疏散场景和混合疏散场景。研究结果表明:混合疏散场景仿真时间比单人疏散场景仿真时间延长12.29%,平均绕行距离比单人疏散增加38.8%,小群体行为降低了地铁站突发事件人群疏散效率。     

Chemical characteristics of soluble aerosols over the central Himalayas: insights into spatiotemporal variations and sources

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In order to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of aerosols and its soluble chemical compositions of the data gap zone in the central...     

On the forming mechanism of the cleaning airflow of pulse-jet fabric filters

To reveal the formation mechanism of a pulse-jet airflow’s cleaning effect in a filter bag, a theoretical model is built by using the theory of the gas jet and unitary adiabatic flow according to given specifications and dimensions of the bags and resistance characteristics of the cloth and dust layer. It is about the relationship between cleaning system structure and operating parameters. The model follows the principle that the flow and kinetic energy of jet flow injected into a filter bag should be consistent with the flow of cleaning airflow in the bag and the pressure drop flowing through the filter cloth and dust layer. The purpose of the model is to achieve the peak pressure of cleaning airflow, which dominates the effect of the pulse-jet cleaning process. The cleaning system structure includes air pressure in the nozzle, structure and size of nozzle, exit velocity of nozzle, jet distance, and diameter of jet cross section. Based on the condition of the cleaning system structure and operating parameters established by using the theoretical model, Fluent software is applied to carry out a numerical simulation of the jet airflow field at the nozzle’s outlet, jet airflow field between nozzle and bag top, and cleaning airflow field in the filter bag. Experimental results are used to verify the reliability of the theoretical model. They are obtained in a pilot-scale test filter with a single bag, with length 2 m and in general full-scale dimensions of the cleaning system. The results show that when any rectification measure is not installed at the bag opening, the cross-sectional area covered by the jet gas is hardly sufficient to cover the entire area of the bag opening. A large portion of the gases injected into the filter bag will overflow reversely upward from the edge due to pressure differences between the upper area and lower area inside the bag opening. This led to a serious shortage of the cleaning airflow and ar limited increase in static pressure. When a venturi-type rectifier tube is installed at the bag opening, the jet flow is converted to funnel flow for which the cross-section velocity distribution is more uniform at the throat of the rectifier tube due to the guided effects of the upper tapered pipe. Then it is transited to stressful flow below the bag opening via rectified effects of the lower dilated pipe. The results show that the gap between the static pressure of gas in the bag and the expected value is significantly reduced. The theoretical value of the nozzle diameter is enlarged to compensate for two aspects of adverse effects of cleaning airflow and energy. This is because the flow is not a purely free-form jet from the nozzle to the entrance of the rectifier tube and because the gas suffers from local resistance while flowing through the rectifier tube. The numerical simulation and experiment show that the peak pressure of cleaning airflow in the filter bag is able to reach the expected value. The results confirm that the mechanism of the pulse-jet cleaning airflow and the calculation method of the pulse-jet cleaning system structure and operating parameters offered in this study are correct. The study results provide a scientific basis for designing the system of pulse-jet fabric filters.

Implications: Pulse-jet cleaned fabric filters are commonly used for air pollution control in many industries. Pulse-jet cleaning is widely used for this purpose as it enables frequent cleaning while the filter is operating. However, the theoretical system of the forming mechanism of the pulse-jet cleaning has not formed so far. This indicates the theoretical model plays an important role in designing effective pulse-jet cleaned fabric filters.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality regulations: A review of accountability studies and frameworks

Assessments of past environmental policies—termed accountability studies—contribute important information to the decision-making process used to review the efficacy of past policies, and subsequently aid in the development of effective new policies. These studies have used a variety of methods that have achieved varying levels of success at linking improvements in air quality and/or health to regulations. The Health Effects Institute defines the air pollution accountability framework as a chain of events that includes the regulation of interest, air quality, exposure/dose, and health outcomes, and suggests that accountability research should address impacts for each of these linkages. Early accountability studies investigated short-term, local regulatory actions (for example, coal use banned city-wide on a specific date or traffic pattern changes made for Olympic Games). Recent studies assessed regulations implemented over longer time and larger spatial scales. Studies on broader scales require accountability research methods that account for effects of confounding factors that increase over time and space. Improved estimates of appropriate baseline levels (sometimes termed “counterfactual”—the expected state in a scenario without an intervention) that account for confounders and uncertainties at each link in the accountability chain will help estimate causality with greater certainty. In the direct accountability framework, researchers link outcomes with regulations using statistical methods that bypass the link-by-link approach of classical accountability. Direct accountability results and methods complement the classical approach. New studies should take advantage of advanced planning for accountability studies, new data sources (such as satellite measurements), and new statistical methods. Evaluation of new methods and data sources is necessary to improve investigations of long-term regulations, and associated uncertainty should be accounted for at each link to provide a confidence estimate of air quality regulation effectiveness. The final step in any accountability is the comparison of results with the proposed benefits of an air quality policy.

Implications: The field of air pollution accountability continues to grow in importance to a number of stakeholders. Two frameworks, the classical accountability chain and direct accountability, have been used to estimate impacts of regulatory actions, and both require careful attention to confounders and uncertainties. Researchers should continue to develop and evaluate both methods as they investigate current and future air pollution regulations.     

SO2气体对树木叶片叶绿素含量的影响

应用分光光度法研究乌鲁木齐市常见行道树种新疆扬、大叶白腊和新疆大叶榆受ＳＯ２气体危害后,树木叶片叶绿素（ＣＡ、ＣＢ、Ｃｒ）含量的动态变化,以了解其抗性特点。表明,名树种在受危害全进程中其表现不同,树木一身亦具有一定的自调节能力。同时叶绿素在各阶段相对含量的动态变化特点是衡量树种抗性大小的可供参考的有价值指标之一。     

浙江浦阳江大型底栖无脊椎动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复研究

为科学评估河流修复效果,研究修复河流中底栖动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复特征,以浙江省浦江县浦阳江干流为研究对象,分别对2个近自然河段、2个城区修复河段和3个郊区修复河段在修复后1,3,4和5年的水质和底栖动物恢复状况进行调查研究.采用广义最小二乘法(GLS)模型探索底栖动物物种多样性(总物种丰富度、EPT丰富度和Sha...     

Spatio-temporal variation of heavy metals in fresh water after dam construction: a case study of the Manwan Reservoir, Lancang River

This study investigated temporal heavy metal characteristics over the past 20 years and the spatial variation of heavy metal characteristics at the Manwan Reservoir tail, center, and head in the Lancang River, Yunnan Province, China. The following heavy metals were selected for analysis: Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Fe, and Mn. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and the Pearson correlation matrix were used to distinguish the main pollution factors and sources before and after dam construction. The results indicate that the average annual values of heavy metals were far lower than the recommended values of the surface water quality standards in China with the exception of Hg. The concentration of metals showed considerable variation by season, where higher levels of metals generally occurred in high flow periods. The results from PCA show that three significant components were extracted, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The ANOVA results indicate that Pb, Fe, Mn, and Cr had significant spatial variation (P < 0.05) at the reservoir tail, center and head. The enrichment factor (EF) used to compare the accumulation effect of heavy metals indicated that there was no enrichment (EF < 1) of heavy metals with the exception of Mn, which showed minor enrichment (1 < EF < 3) between the reservoir center and head. The spatiotemporal variation and the accumulation effects of water heavy metals were not distinct due to the construction of the Manwan Reservoir.     

不同铁源对剩余污泥厌氧系统中蓝铁石生成的影响

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为研究对象,污泥经酸/碱预处理(pH=3.0/pH=10.0)后,分别以FeOOH、FeCl₃及Fe₂O₃为外加铁源,进行厌氧发酵,探究铁源对厌氧系统中蓝铁石晶体生成的影响.结果表明：FeCl₃和FeOOH可以高效地被还原为Fe²⁺,其铁还原效率(EFe)最高为56.24%～80.10%,且酸处理效果优于碱处理(3.00%～13.31%),而Fe₂O₃的EFe相对较低,最高分别为31.94%(pH=3.0)和50.1%(pH=10.0).FeOOH和Fe₂O₃的投加,可促进胞外聚合物(EPS)中蛋白质含量的提升,增强胞外电子传递能力,但Fe₂O₃因其结晶度高,阻碍了铁还原微生物对铁源的利用,导致铁还原效率低.上清液PO₄^3-浓度、污泥Fe-P比例与EFe呈负相关,EFe越高则PO     

有效微生物群(EM)中抑藻酵母及其活性物质特性

采用选择性培养基从有效微生物群(EM)中富集出酵母菌,通过向对数增长期的混合藻液中加入酵母菌、葡萄糖、酵母菌+葡萄糖、经酵母菌发酵除菌后的葡萄糖溶液分别考察了其对水华藻的抑制效应.结果表明,混合酵母菌自身对于水华藻没有抑制作用,单独添加葡萄糖的水华藻甚至出现快速增殖;而在添加葡萄糖+酵母菌或酵母菌发酵液的实验中水华藻近似被完全抑制,最大抑制率达97%.据此可知,抑制水华藻增殖的并非酵母菌自身,而是具有高热稳定性的胞外分泌物.HPLC-SEC与三维荧光光谱分析表明,酵母菌发酵液中含有明显的芳环类羧酸及蛋白质物质,但由于其在高温灭菌后仍有良好的抑藻活性,因而进一步确定其抑藻活性物质为含苯环的有机酸.此外,依据对实验中水华藻细胞形态的显微镜观察,该酸性胞外物可能是通过破坏藻细胞的叶绿体结构来达到抑藻效果的.