利用Hyperion高光谱数据的三波段法反演太湖叶绿素a浓度

以2004-08-19太湖野外试验所获取的水质数据(叶绿素a浓度7.8~154.3μg.L-1,总悬浮物浓度65.0~190.2 mg.L-1,N=38)和同步的Hyperion星载高光谱数据为研究对象,利用三波段算法反演太湖水体的叶绿素a浓度.通过分析太湖固有光学量的特点,提出适用于太湖的3个特征波段的选择依据,并对波段进行优化计算,在此基础上建立了三波段统计模型,最后对模型的反演精度进行分析与评价.结果表明,Hyperion的B34(691.37 nm)、B37(721.90 nm)和B50(854.18 nm)组成三波段模型变量与叶绿素a浓度具有最高的相关系数(r=0.934),模型的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.872和13.93μg.L-1,其反演精度优于传统经验统计模型,如比值模型(R2=0.844,RMSE=15.41μg.L-1)和一阶微分模型(R2=0.831,RMSE=16.00μg.L-1).研究结果证实了三波段法适用于内陆富营养化浑浊水体和Hyperion高光谱数据,为今后更精确地反演内陆水体的叶绿素a浓度提供了参考依据.     

Chemical characteristics of haze particles in Xi'an during Chinese Spring Festival: Impact of fireworks burning

Fireworks burning releases massive fine particles and gaseous pollutants, significantly deteriorating air quality during Chinese Lunar New Year(LNY) period. To investigate the impact of the fireworks burning on the atmospheric aerosol chemistry, 1-hr time resolution of PM_(2.5) samples in Xi'an during the winter of 2016 including the LNY were collected and detected for inorganic ions, acidity and liquid water content(LWC) of the fine aerosols. PM_(2.5) during the LNY was 167 ± 87 μg/m~3, two times higher than the China National Ambient Air Quality Standard(75 μg/m~3). K~+(28 wt.% of the total ion mass) was the most abundant ion in the LNY period, followed by SO_4~(2-)(25 wt.%) and Cl-(18 wt.%). In contrast, NO_3~-(34 wt.%) was the most abundant species in the haze periods(hourly PM32-2.5 75 μg/m), followed by SO_4(29.2 wt.%) and NH_4~+(16.3 wt.%), while SO_4~(2-)(35 wt.%) was the most abundant species in the clean periods(hourly PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3), followed by NO_3~-(23.1 wt.%) and NH_4~+(11 wt.%). Being different from the acidic nature in the non-LNY periods, aerosol in the LNY period presented an alkaline nature with a pH value of 7.8 ± 1.3. LWC during the LNY period showed a robust linear correlation with K_2SO_4 and KCl, suggesting that aerosol hygroscopicity was dominated by inorganic salts derived from fireworks burning. Analysis of correlations between the ratios of NO--3/SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+/SO_4~(2-) indicated that heterogeneous reaction of HNO_3 with NH_3 was an important formation pathway of particulate nitrate and ammonium during the LNY period.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS (Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

生物质炭对双季稻田土壤反硝化功能微生物的影响

目前,基于田间条件下生物质炭添加对稻田反硝化微生物的调控效应还不甚明确.为此,本研究采用小区试验,通过在双季稻田添加不同量的小麦秸秆生物质炭(0、24和48 t·hm-2,分别用CK、LC和HC代表),结合实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析技术,研究了生物质炭添加对双季稻田休闲季和水稻季土壤反硝化微生物相关功能基因(调控硝酸还原酶的nar G基因,亚硝酸还原酶的nir K基因和氧化亚氮还原酶的nos Z基因)的影响.由于生物质炭呈碱性,添加到土壤后,可提高稻田休闲季土壤p H 0. 2～0. 8个单位.生物质炭本身含有部分可溶性N,因此,添加生物质炭可增加休闲季土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量,增幅分别达21. 1%～32. 5%和63. 0%～176. 0%,但由于其吸附作用,降低了水稻季NH_4~+-N含量48. 8%～60. 1%.生物质炭添加增加了休闲季微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,这可能是由于生物质炭较大的比表面积为微生物生存提供了适宜的环境,可利用养分的增加促进了微生物的生长.与对照相比,休闲季生物质炭引起的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量增加,促进NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N的转化,进而增加nar G和nos Z的基因丰度(P0. 05),同时,生物质炭处理p H的提高促进了nos Z的基因丰度的增加,显著改变了反硝化功能基因nar G和nos Z的群落结构,并以此对反硝化作用产生影响,但未对休闲季氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放产生影响.而在水稻季,生物质炭增加了土壤nos Z的基因丰度(P 0. 05),HC处理增加了nir K基因丰度(P 0. 05),这也是导致水稻季HC处理N_2O排放增加的重要原因.生物质炭通过降低水稻季土壤NH_4~+-N含量,改变了nir K和nos Z基因的群落结构,而nar G基因群落结构的变化影响了土壤N_2O排放.综上所述,生物质炭可通过改变双季稻田土壤性质,来影响参与土壤反硝化作用的相关微生物,进而影响土壤N_2O排放及NO_3~--N的淋失.     

柴油污染包气带的气相抽提影响因素

气相抽提(SVE)是一种经济、高效的土壤原位修复技术。为了研究介质、介质含水率和通风方式对SVE去除效率的影响,并探讨实验运行过程中包气带不同深度柴油浓度的变化规律,实验利用了有机玻璃柱模拟包气带环境,开展柴油污染的SVE实验。结果表明,对于不同介质,SVE去除粗砂中柴油的效率高于中砂;不同含水率,含水率为1%的粗砂中柴油的去除率大于含水率为12%的粗砂;不同的通风方式,连续通风的效率大于间歇通风。此外,不同深度介质均出现柴油浓度先升高后降低的趋势。     

新疆博斯腾湖亚洲飞蝗大暴发气候成因分析

分析了博斯腾湖周边亚洲飞蝗的生物学特性和生存环境,研究了与之相关的气候条件.结果表明,开都河(博斯腾湖的入湖水系)上游山区降水和焉耆盆地5月份气温是影响飞蝗大暴发的主要气候因素.山区年降水量在一定范围内连续3年呈V型波动,且第3年5月份湖区气温正常(无极端低温)是飞蝗大暴发的气候成因.     

洞庭湖区洲滩环境演变对东方田鼠暴发成灾的影响

在分析洞庭湖区东方田鼠暴发成灾史及灾情的基础上,研究了洞庭湖区洲滩演变对东方田鼠暴发成灾的影响。研究认为：中低位滩出露面积不断增大使东方田鼠种群迅速膨胀,高位洲滩出露面积减小造成汛期东方田鼠大量向垸内农田迁移;湖区洲滩冬春季连续出露天数增加了延长了东方田鼠的繁殖期;汛期洪峰水位增高、洲滩大面积淹没迫使东方田鼠大量迁向垸内;湖内废弃湖堤为东方田鼠逃避洪水提供了中途休息之地;洲滩地抑制东方田鼠种群膨胀     

Investigation of colloidal biogenic sulfur flocculation: Optimization using response surface analysis

The colloidal properties of biogenic elemental sulfur(S~0)cause solid–liquid separation problems,such as poor settling and membrane fouling.In this study,the separation of S~0 from bulk liquids was performed using flocculation.Polyaluminum chloride(PAC),polyacrylamide(PAM)and microbial flocculant(MBF)were compared to investigate their abilities to flocculate S~0 produced during the treatment of sulfate-containing wastewater.A novel approach with response surface methodology(RSM)was employed to evaluate the effects and interactions of flocculant dose,pH and stirring intensity,on the treatment efficiency in terms of the S~0 flocculation and the supernatant turbidity removal.The dose optimization results indicated that the S~0 flocculation efficiency decreased in the following order PACMBFPAM.Optimum S~0 flocculation conditions were observed at pH 4.73,a stirring speed of 129 r/min and a flocculant dose of 2.42 mg PAC/mg S.During optimum flocculation conditions,the S~0f locculation rate reached 97.53%.Confirmation experiments demonstrated that employing PAC for S~0 flocculation is feasible and RSM is an efficient approach for optimizing the process of S~0 flocculation.The results provide basic parameters and conditions for recovering sulfur during the treatment of sulfate-laden wastewaters.     

磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液调控下白菜对钼矿区重金属污染土壤的修复

采用ICP-AES分析土壤及植物体中各种重金属元素的含量,研究了在磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液在其不同浓度梯度下投加,白菜地上部分对钼矿区重金属污染土壤的修复潜力。结果表明:投加磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液的条件下均能显著提高白菜的地上部分富集土壤中重金属元素的能力(Cd除外),但缓冲溶液对白菜积累重金属能力的促进作用也存在重金属元素种类及浓度梯度之间的差异;投加磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液可以提高白菜对土壤中重金属的富集系数(Hg、Mo、Zn最为显著)。     

风廓线雷达在北京地区一次强沙尘天气分析中的应用

基于北京地区逐小时风廓线雷达数据、大气成分观测数据以及地面常规观测资料对2017年5月3~7日一次沙尘天气过程进行了研究.结果表明：受蒙古气旋影响,全国多地出现空气质量严重污染,其中北京PM₁₀浓度达到严重污染级别时间超过30h.通过对边界层内水平风场、垂直速度以及大气折射率结构常数等要素进行分析,研究发现沙尘爆发前,边界层内出现平均风速达到14.8m/s的西北急流核,该急流核的建立有利于将高层沙尘粒子向近地面传输,而沙尘爆发阶段边界层通风量较前期增加31.6%,中低层的通风量逐渐占据主导地位,使近地面PM₁₀浓度出现爆发性增长.此外,整个沙尘天气过程中,以弱下沉运动为主,垂直速度在1m/s以下,而沙尘天气爆发前,边界层内出现强烈垂直下沉运动,达到5.3m/s.同时,大气折射率结构常数出现1.0×10^-16的高值中心.二者均先于地面污染物浓度的变化,预报时间提前量为8~9h,可为今后沙尘预报提供一定参考.