多级AO耦合流离生化工艺流量分配比优化及脱氮机制

为探究进水流量分配比对低温城市污水脱氮效率的影响,并解析多级AO耦合流离生化工艺脱氮规律,实验采用三级AO耦合流离生化工艺,在温度为(10±1)℃、水力停留时间8 h、气水比恒定的条件下处理模拟低C/N值城市污水.系统依次在进水比5∶4∶4(等容积负荷)、3∶2∶1(等停留时间)和25∶15∶6(等污泥负荷)这3种工况下运行.结果表明,该工艺对低温低C/N值污水的处理效果较好,其中在进水比为3∶2∶1的工况下脱氮效率最高,COD、NH+4-N和TN平均去除率分别为87. 44%、96. 63%和76. 81%.进一步对氮的迁移转化规律进行研究发现,制约工艺低温脱氮的主要因素为各级硝化效率,3∶2∶1的进水比合理地分配了进水负荷,各级硝化率均超过85%,为反硝化创造了有利条件,最终获得了较高的脱氮效率,此时系统也具有最高的总生物量.研究结果丰富了多级AO耦合工艺低温脱氮理论,同时为工程设计应用提供参考.     

Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基优化及其对染料脱色作用

对出芽短梗霉无色素突变株Aureobasidium pullulans UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质培养基进行优化,并研究其分子量大小、热稳定性及对三苯甲烷类染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫的脱色作用.结果表明:蔗糖、NaNO3为UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的最佳碳源和氮源,产酶优化培养基配方为:蔗糖66.5 g·L-1,NaNO3 38.4 g·L-1,NaCl 1.08 g·L-1,酵母浸粉0.2 g·L-1,KH2PO4 1 g·L-1,pH=6.0.影响UVMU3-1产耐热性胞外漆酶活性物质的因素依次为:起始pH>蔗糖>NaCl>NaNO3,培养7 d时产生最大酶活(94.81 U·L-1),比对照提高3.85倍.其分子量小于1000 D,具有良好的热稳定性,煮沸30 min后高温酶活仍残留72.50%.粗酶液(7.5 U·L-1)与三苯甲烷类代表性染料孔雀石绿和结晶紫75℃反应5 min后,脱色率分别为76.3%、77.5%,反应35 min后脱色率分别达到96.3%、95.3%.     

高浓度焦化废水湿式氧化铜系催化剂的研制

通过共沉淀法制备了铜系催化剂 ,用于催化湿式氧化处理高浓度焦化废水。结果表明 ,铜氧化物催化剂的催化活性明显优于其他过渡金属氧化物 ;优化催化剂的设计和制备方法 ,可有效地改善Cu2 +的溶出问题 ,使该类催化剂具有广阔的应用前景     

海洋中微塑料的老化机理及老化后环境行为研究进展

暴露于海洋环境中的塑料聚合物受海浪破碎、紫外照射和微生物降解等作用后,会逐渐形成小粒径的微塑料（<5 mm,microplastics,MPs）,引起海洋生态风险。本文总结了海洋中MPs的类型和来源、老化过程、机理和影响因素,以及MPs老化后理化性质和环境行为的变化。MPs在海洋中的老化机理主要包括：机械破碎、光降解、热降解、水解和生物降解等,同时MPs的自身性质（粒径、形状、官能团、结晶度和添加剂等）和海洋环境条件（紫外辐射、温度和氧化还原状态等）会影响老化过程。老化后MPs的理化性质与原始MPs存在显著差异,如表面形貌、颜色、粒径、官能团、结晶度、亲疏水性和吸附性能等;MPs老化过程中还伴着增塑剂、阻燃剂和双酚A等添加剂的释放。老化过程也会影响MPs对海水中污染物（重金属、有机污染物等）的吸附,可能会使MPs成为污染物的富集体,进而对海洋生物造成更大的危害。此外富集污染物的MPs可能会通过食物链进入人体,对人类健康造成危害。     

A Screening Test for the Determination of Ethylene Sensitivity

Ethephon, which releases ethylene within plant tissues after application, was chosen to perform assessments of the relative sensitivity of crops to ethylene and to determine which stages of plant development were most sensitive. The species chosen were: barley, wheat, oats, canola and field pea, all of which are important crops in the province of Alberta, Canada. Plants were treated with ethephon at one of 7 different stages. Plants were assessed for their vegetative and reproductive growth, including height, biomass, yield and seed quality. Visual symptoms were photographed and documented to compare them with symptoms caused by ethylene applied as a gas. It was concluded that in barley, wheat and canola the late vegetative and early reproductive stages were most sensitive, at least when sensitivity was defined as reductions in yield and quality. As for field pea, ethephon had no effect on yield but did cause increased numbers of pods, which in certain conditions could lead to increased yields. Significant effects on vegetative growth were only observed in the early vegetative stages of development but with no effects on yield. The screening protocol successfully identified sensitive cultivars and growth stages for further investigation of the effects of ethylene exposure.     

Methanolysis and Hydrolysis of Polycarbonate Under Moderate Conditions

Alkali-catalyzed methanolysis and hydrolysis of polycarbonate (PC) in a solvent in which PC can substantially dissolve such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and so on were studied. Reaction conditions were optimized for the purpose of recycling PC in the form of bisphenol A and carbon carbonate. The results showed that both the methanolysis and hydrolysis of PC could take place under moderate conditions. Under the conditions of reaction temperature 40 °C, m(PC):m(MeOH) = 1:1, m(PC):m(NaOH) = 50:1, reaction time 35 min and using tetrahydrofuran as solvent, the methanolysis conversion of PC was almost 100% and the yield of bisphenol A was over 95%. Moreover, under the conditions of reaction temperature 100 °C, m(PC):m(H₂O) = 1:0.7, m(PC):m(NaOH) = 10:1, reaction time 8 h and using 1,4-dioxane as solvent, the hydrolysis conversion of PC was almost 100% and the yield of bisphenol A was over 94%.     

小型好氧堆肥设备处理有机垃圾

针对我国生活垃圾的特点,提出了厨余等有机生活垃圾单独收集,在产生源头进行好氧堆肥处理。研制了好氧堆肥设备,由加热装置、通风装置、冷凝水收集和回灌装置,以及与该生物堆肥设备配套的生物过滤除臭装置、自控系统和数据采集软件几部分构成。自控系统由氧气、温度、湿度三路传感器以及2个控制器构成,并与加热装置、通风装置连接,能满足物料加热、供氧和散热的要求。本研究通过为期30 d的试运行实验表明,物料快速升温并稳定保持在高温阶段(50～60℃),物料中的氧气浓度保持在14%～16%范围内。在堆肥实验结束时,物料的含水率降至36.4%,有机质含量降至49%,另外,通过好氧速率指标也可判定物料达到腐熟。     

调节风阀与风量的测量

根据玻璃熔窑助燃风系统 ,分析了工业炉燃烧自动控制过程中 ,调节风阀结构和流量计及其相对安装位置对风量测量及自控的影响 ,对通风自控系统设计、选型及安装具有一定的参考价值     

互花米草生物炭的添加对土壤吸附三氯生的影响及其机制研究

互花米草作为入侵物种,在我国沿海分布广泛,对沿海生态造成负面影响.本研究以互花米草资源化利用为出发点,在300℃和600℃下将其热解分别制得BC300和BC600两种生物炭,采用批量平衡法研究了生物炭添加对土壤吸附三氯生(TCS)的影响及其机制.结果表明,BC300内含有未炭化有机质,对TCS的吸附以分配作用为主,有利于对高浓度TCS的吸附;BC600有较大的比表面积,对TCS的吸附以表面吸附为主,有利于对低浓度TCS的吸附.生物炭添加能够促进土壤对TCS的吸附,且吸附量随生物炭添加比例的增加而增加;添加BC300的土壤对TCS的吸附量要显著高于添加BC600的土壤,这主要与生物炭的结构特征及其对土壤p H值的影响有关.因此,添加300℃下制备的互花米草生物炭可以有效地降低土壤中TCS的环境风险,同时也能为护花米草的资源化利用提供一条可行途径.