大兴安岭西坡中生代火山岩形成机制

依据火山喷发特点、火山岩岩石组合及火山岩的同位素年代学证据,大兴安岭西坡地区发育的大量中生代火山岩可分为三个放回,自早而晚依次为：晚侏罗世的塔木兰沟族回、上库力旋回和早白垩世的伊列克得旋回。不同旋回火山岩具有不同的地质、地球化学特征。在岩浆起源、源区性质和演化过程等方面,不同族回火山岩既有相似之处,也存在明显差别。火山岩为深部作用和过程的产物,对其形成机制的研究,有助于理解本区中生代发生的剧烈的火山岩浆作用和成矿作用的构造背景及演化过程。     

浅谈液化气钢瓶(罐)灭火抢险技术

介绍了液化石油气的性质、火灾特点以及液化石油气钢瓶、液化石油气储罐的灭火抢险技术。     

蛭石吸附及解吸锌离子特性研究

用蛭石对锌离子的吸附解吸进行了实验研究,初步探讨了其对锌离子吸附解吸的机理。研究结果表明：蛭石对Zn^2＋具有较强的吸附能力,吸附在8h左右接近平衡。随着锌离子浓度的增加,蛭石的吸附量也在逐渐增加,当锌离子浓度达到400mg／L时,吸附量趋于平稳。在完成吸附实验的基础上,分别采用过滤和取上清液的方法解吸,实验证明静置平衡后,取出上清液50ml,再加入50ml解吸剂的方法解吸效果较好;解吸时间在0h到12h,蛭石的解吸量呈现递增的趋势,且达到1．070mg／g;在12h到48h内,解吸量基本没有增加,其中在24h时达到最大解吸量1．074mg／g。不同的解吸剂对蛭石解吸锌离子影响效果不同：蒸馏水不能使锌离子解吸;K^＋的影响作用相对于Na^＋更明显,随着两种阳离子浓度的增加,蛭石的解吸量逐渐增加。     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

柴油添加剂的研究——有机钡盐的消烟助燃作用

本文介绍一种以有机钡盐为主的复合型柴油添加剂,其主要成分是过氧化钡与环烷酸在焦化汽油中反应所生成的环烷酸钡。台架实验结果表明,该添加剂在柴油中添加量为0.5—1.5‰(重量,以钡计)时,取得了消烟率40.9—66.3％、节能0.36—4.42％的效果。行车试验也证明本添加剂具有优良的消烟节能作用,当添加量为1.0‰(重量,以钡计)时,平均消烟率为67.7％,节油5.21％。     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

Glucose production from hydrolysis of cellulose over a novel silica catalyst under hydrothermal conditions

A novel silica catalyst was synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and tested for the catalytic selective hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. This silica catalyst exhibited a higher catalytic activity than other oxides prepared by the same method, such as ZrO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃. Using silica as a catalyst, cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with a glucose yield as high as 50% under hydrothermal conditions without hydrogen gas. The silica catalyst was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD) and textural properties indicated that the synergistic effect between strong acidity and a suitable pore diameter of the silica catalyst may be responsible for its high activity. In addition, the catalyst was recyclable and showed excellent stability during the recycle catalytic runs.     

摇动床生物膜反应器和活性污泥法组合技术处理高浓度有机废水的研究

利用摇动床生物膜反应器(简称摇动床)技术具有的容积负荷高与污泥产量低的优点,在普通活性污泥池的前部填充高性能丙烯酸树脂纤维(Biofringe)填料,研究了摇动床和活性污泥法组合技术处理高浓度有机废水的有效性。结果表明,该组合技术具有很强的有机物去除能力,当进水COD平均质量浓度由1500mg/L上升到2514mg/L时,出水COD的平均去除率基本保持在96%以上;整个运行阶段的出水COD浓度均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)的二级标准;当进水NH4+-N浓度增加时,NH4+-N的去除率由99.7%降低到76.5%,但是在试验运行的整个阶段,摇动床和活性污泥法组合技术系统都表现出较强的硝化能力;活性污泥池中最高的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)质量浓度为10625mg/L,最高MLSS约为普通活性污泥法的4倍;运行结束后的污泥产率为0.186,污泥产率仅为普通活性污泥法的50%左右。     

Complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene over Ce02 nanocubes

The activities of CeO2 nanocubes calcined at different temperatures were tested for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene. Using CeO2 nanocubes as catalysts, complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene was achieved below 210℃. The CeO2 nanomaterials were characterized by means of BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). From the TEM images, all Ce02 nanocubes displayed cubic morphology irrespective of calcination temperature. The HRTEM images revealed that these nanocubes were enclosed by reactive {001}planes, which may contribute to the intrinsically catalytic property of o-xylene oxidation. The higher activity of Ce02 nanocubes calcined at 550℃ than those calcined at above 550℃ was attributed to their smaller crystallite size and larger surface area. The influences of reaction conditions were also studied, which found that a higher reaction temperature was necessary for complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at higher weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and o-xylene concentration.     

微生物吸附处理低浓度含铀废水的效能

生物吸附是目前处理低浓度含铀废水最有前途的方法之一.本文探讨了不同种类微生物的来源及其对铀的吸附效能.分析了生物吸附过程的影响因素和吸附机理.细菌、放线菌、真菌和藻类对铀的吸附能力依次递减,pH值、菌种预处理、共存离子和金属初始浓度是生物吸附的主要影响因素;微生物的细胞结构在生物吸附过程中发挥了重要的作用,静电吸附、酶促反应、无机微沉淀和氧化还原等是生物吸附的主要机理.最后预测了生物吸附处理低浓度含铀废水的研究方向.