一株耐盐苯酚降解菌的分离、鉴定及耐盐机制研究

从污泥样品中分离得到1株高效的耐盐苯酚降解菌,该菌株能够在温度20～30 ℃、pH5.0～9.0和盐度1％ ～ 10％范围内以苯酚为唯一碳源进行生长.通过形态、生理生化特性分析及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为Rhodococcus sp.,命名为W2.在温度30℃、pH =7.0、NaCl50g·L-1的条件下,菌株可耐受苯酚的最大浓度为700 mg·L-1.粗酶中检测到的邻苯二酚l,2-双加氧酶活性表明,菌株W2通过邻位开环断裂途径代谢苯酚.底物广谱性考察结果表明,菌株W2能够在高盐条件下利用苯甲酸、水杨酸等多种芳香化合物作为碳源生长.对耐盐机理进行的初步分析表明,细胞内甜菜碱和四氢嘧啶的含量随着盐浓度的增加而增大,说明四氢嘧啶和甜菜碱的积累是菌株W2抵抗高盐度的重要机制.     

基于云模型的水体富营养化程度评价方法

水体富营养化程度评价对生态环境保护具有重要意义.针对水体富营养化程度评价不可避免的模糊性和随机性的特点,本文引入云模型的方法,对我国14个代表性湖库的富营养化程度进行评价.根据确定的评价标准,生成各评价因子隶属于各级别的综合云模型,并针对湖库实测资料,得到各评价物的确定度,由最大确定度决定湖库营养化级别.将该法所得结果与湖库实际水质状况、国内外应用较为广泛且简便的营养状态指数、评分公式法及模糊综合评价法所得结果进行对比,发现评价结果真实可靠,计算过程简洁明了,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险评价法研究

评价沉积物中PAHs的生态风险对于保护整个生态系统具有重要意义,但迄今尚未建立统一的沉积物中PAHs的风险评价方法.因此,本研究以珠江广州段表层沉积物中PAHs含量为基础,综合运用相平衡分配法和物种敏感性分布法,并结合概率风险表征对沉积物中PAHs的生态风险进行评价.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs的生态风险大小主要取决于PAHs固液相分配过程.通过对不同评价结果的对比分析,总结出了一套沉积物中PAHs的生态风险评价方法.研究建议首先采用相平衡分配法将沉积相暴露浓度分布转化为孔隙水暴露浓度分布,再选择符合实际需求的水体污染物生态风险评价方法进行后续评价,其中毒性数据应优先选择慢性毒性数据.     

Estimated Soil Respiration Rates Decreased with Long-Term Soil Microclimate Changes in Successional Forests in Southern China

The response of soil respiration to short-term environmental factors changes has been well studied, whereas the influences of long-term soil microclimate changes on soil respiration are still highly unclear, especially in tropical ecosystems. We hypothesized that soil carbon accumulation in southern China, especially in mature forest during recent years, partly resulted from reducing soil respiration rates. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the temporal trends and variations of air temperature, soil temperature and soil water content (hereafter referred to as SWC), and then estimated soil respiration rates in the 1980s and 2000s with soil temperature and SWC by regression model in three subtropical forests which are at early-, mid-, and advanced-successional stages, respectively, in Dinghushan Nature Reserve (hereafter referred to as DNR) in southern China. The annual mean ambient air temperature increased by 1.03 ± 0.15°C in the last 50 years (1954–2007) in DNR. Rainfall amount in the corresponding period did not change significantly, but rainfall pattern changed remarkably in the last three decades (1978–2007). Soil temperature is correlated with ambient air temperature. The average SWC was 36.8 ± 8.4%, 34.7 ± 8.1% and 29.6 ± 8.1% in the 1980s, and then dropped sharply to 23.6 ± 2.9%, 20.5 ± 4.2% and 17.6 ± 3.9% in the 2000s, for the advanced, mid- and early-successional forests, respectively. Concurrent changes of soil temperature and SWC may have a negative effect on soil respiration rates for all three forests, implicated that soil respiration may have a negative feedback to regional climate change and carbon could be sequestered in subtropical forests in southern China.     

地铁运营工况点型探测器探测性能试验研究

为了解地铁运营期点型探测器受活塞风的影响及其适应性和设置方式,采用碎纸、棉绳和聚氨酯塑料试验火,在地铁站台进行初期火灾探测实体试验。对2种类型点型探测器在模拟运营工况与夜间停运工况的适应性进行对比分析,同时,针对设置镂空格栅吊顶地铁车站,研究点型探测器在吊顶上下不同安装位置时的响应性能。试验结果表明:列车运行产生的活塞风扰乱烟气的上升和扩散运动,对阴燃火源烟气影响显著,有烟明火烟气能较快地通过格栅空隙到达中板;在地铁运营工况条件,烟温复合探测器响应性能表现不理想,不同空间安装的点型感烟探测器报警时间与报警数量均较停运工况发生变化。设置镂空格栅吊顶车站站台层公共区运营期使用点型感烟探测器进行保护时,应当贴中板和贴格栅吊顶双层安装。     

新建铁路路基斜交超浅埋地铁的变形监控与安全评估

为评估深厚软土地区临近超浅埋地铁施工对盾构的扰动,结合斜交超浅埋地铁的某客运专线桩板结构路基工程,基于"第三方监测"的工程安全监控模式进行施工及试运营期间的安全评估,并研究了各阶段的变形规律及安全敏感因素。研究结果表明:地铁水平位移只出现于桩基施工阶段;沉降变形与收敛变形则贯穿于整个施工与运营阶段,变形值呈"增大—减小—稳定"的趋势;地铁变形中沉降影响最大,收敛变形次之,水平位移最小,且变形极值均小于安全限值,说明地铁结构是安全的;桩板结构有效控制了后续沉降的发生,大大降低了新建客运专线与既有地铁的相互影响。     

基于Fisher判别法岩溶塌陷倾向性等级分类预测

为准确预测岩溶塌陷倾向性的等级分类,通过分析大量观测实例,选取岩性系数、岩体结构系数、地下水系数、覆盖层系数、地形地貌系数和环境条件系数作为模型判别因素。对12个实际观测样本进行训练,建立了基于Fisher判别分析法(FDA)的岩溶塌陷倾向性等级分类预测模型。借助SPSS软件工具,得到判别模型的4个判别函数。根据判别函数对训练样本进行回判,并对2个待判样本进行预测。结果显示:第一、第二判别函数的综合判别效率达到100%,大于规定的85%,满足工程实际应用需求;对训练样本进行回判时,误判率为零,同时对待判样本的分类预测准确率为100%。     

黄岛石化区消防安全初评估

黄岛石化区是一个集油品储运、原油炼制、芳烃加工为一体的大型石油化工基地。目前,区域内拥有原油炼制能力达到1000多万吨,危险化学品存储能力接近1000万吨,危化品码头吞吐能力接近6000万吨,并且危化品项目的规模还在不断扩大中。鉴于危化品项目的危险性较高,石化区域的消防安全就成了企业生产安全的重要保障,而消防安全是否有保证则与区域内企业的生产存储装置的危险程度、安全设施配置、消防设施的配置以及消防队伍和车辆的配置等有直接的关系。笔者通过对区域内上述各方面信息的详细了解,并在参阅了大量技术文献资料的基础上,分别以生产装置火灾和存储装置火灾为对象进行了消防安全的初步评估,同时对区域内消防方面存在的问题提出改进建议。     

Ecology of hemiepiphytism in fig species is based on evolutionary correlation of hydraulics and carbon economy

Woody hemiepiphytic species (Hs) are important components of tropical rain forests, and they have been hypothesized to differ from non-hemiepiphytic tree species (NHs) in adaptations relating to water relations and carbon economy; but few studies have been conducted comparing ecophysiological traits between the two growth forms especially in an evolutionary context. Using common-garden plants of the genus Ficus, functional traits related to plant hydraulics and carbon economy were compared for seven NHs and seven Hs in their adult terrestrial "tree-like" growth phase. We used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test the hypothesis that differences in water availability selected for contrasting suites of traits in Hs and NHs, driving evolutionary correlations among functional traits including hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic traits. Species of the two growth forms differed in functional traits; Hs had substantially lower xylem hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance, and higher instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency. Leaf morphological and structural traits also differed strikingly between the two growth forms. The Hs had significantly smaller leaves, higher leaf mass per area (LMA), and smaller xylem vessel lumen diameters. Across all the species, hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with leaf gas exchange indicating high degrees of hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination. More importantly, these correlations were supported by correlations implemented on phylogenetic independent contrasts, suggesting that most trait correlations arose through repeated convergent evolution rather than as a result of chance events in the deep nodes of the lineage. Vatiation in xylem hydraulic conductivity was also centrally associated with a suite of other functional traits related to carbon economy and growth, such as LMA, water use efficiency, leaf nutrient concentration, and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency, indicating important physiological constraints or trade-offs among functional traits. Shifts in this trait cluster apparently related to the adaptation to drought-prone canopy growth during the early life cycle of Hs and clearly affected ecophysiology of the later terrestrial stage of these species. Evolutionary flexibility in hydraulics and associated traits might be one basis for the hyper-diversification of Ficus species in tropical rain forests.     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定水中的毒死蜱含量

利用胶束电动毛细管色谱（MEKC）建立了测定水中毒死蜱含量的方法,研究了检测波长、运行缓冲液的种类、浓度以及pH、有机添加剂、脱氧胆酸钠（NaDCh）的浓度和分离电压等实验条件对毒死蜱测定的影响.实验结果表明,以25 mmol.L-1硼砂（pH 9.0,含20%（V/V）乙腈和50 mmol.L-1NaDCh）作为缓冲...