Spatial and temporal organic and heavy metal pollution at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve,Hong Kong

An intensive monthly sampling of water and sediments from 12 sites over 8 months covering wet and dry seasons at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve was conducted during June 1997-February 1998. Major organic (C, N and P) and heavy metal pollutants (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) water and sediment samples were examined. The results showed that Mai Po Marshes were severely polluted by organic matter and heavy metals, and the water from Deep Bay appeared to be the source of pollution. Up to 13-55% chance that the sediments of Mai Po Marshes were classified as moderately to seriously metal contaminated materials, according to the guideline set by Hong Kong Government. Empirical models describing organic matter and heavy metal spatial and seasonal dynamics in the water and sediments were formulated, based on data analysis. During wet season (June-October), more than 58% variations of total P can be explained by ortho-P in water, while ammonia-N explained up to 90% variations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in water. Throughout the whole sampling period (June-February), there were significant correlations (p<0.01) between total organic C in water. pH in the sediments and salinity in water appeared to be important factors determining heavy metal mobility in sediments, while potential metal release from the sediments is a concern when any oxidizing processes such as flooding or dredging are imposed on sediments.     

MnO2负载树脂的制备及对As（V）的去除效果

制备了大孔和DH302 2种MnO2的负载树脂。并用SEM、EDS手段表征了负载树脂，实验了负载MnO2后树脂对As（V）的去除效果。结果表明：负载树脂对As（V）的去除效果比原树脂有很大提高；吸附As（V）后的2种负载树脂，均能较好地解吸并可重新用于对As（V）的吸附实验。     

纳米零价铁对铀尾矿库土壤中铀形态分布及固定效果的影响

针对纳米零价铁(nZVI)对铀尾矿库土壤中铀形态分布和U(Ⅵ)固定效果影响问题,采用逐级化学提取、毒性浸出(TCLP)和磁性分离实验,利用SEM-EDS和XRD对nZVI固定前后的铀尾矿土壤进行表征;研究了nZVI在不同投加量和pH条件下,对尾矿库土壤固定前后铀的形态分布和固定效果的影响,并对nZVI的固定机理进行了探讨。结果表明：当nZVI的投加量为8%、pH为5时,土壤中U(Ⅵ)的固定效果最好,固定后土壤中铀的毒性浸出值仅为13.98%;对经过nZVI处理后的铀尾矿土壤进行磁性分离发现,磁性和非磁性土壤重量占比分别为32.87%和67.13%,其铀含量分别达到55.05%和44.95%,说明nZVI对土壤中的U(Ⅵ)有较好的富集作用。nZVI对铀尾矿库土壤中的U(Ⅵ)有较好的原位固定和富集效果,并能减少土壤中铀的析出。     

臭氧催化氧化-BAF组合工艺深度处理抗生素制药废水

针对抗生素制药废水组分复杂、毒性强、难生物降解的特点,以Ce负载天然沸石作为催化剂(Ce/NZ),采用臭氧催化氧化-曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对抗生素制药废水二级生化处理出水进行深度处理。结果表明,Ce/NZ催化剂可显著改善臭氧预处理单元的处理效率,在臭氧进气浓度为50 mg·L⁻¹、臭氧进气量为600 mL·min⁻¹、催化剂用量为1 g·L⁻¹、臭氧反应时间为120 min的条件下,臭氧催化氧化预处理对抗生素制药废水的COD去除率达到43%,平均COD由220 mg·L⁻¹降至125 mg·L⁻¹,BOD₅/COD由0.12升至0.28,废水的可生化性得到显著提高。臭氧预处理单元出水采用BAF进行生化处理,在进水平均COD为125 mg·L⁻¹、平均NH₄⁺-N为12 mg·L⁻¹、水力停留时间为4 h、气水比为4∶1的条件下,COD和NH₄⁺-N的平均去除率分别为62%和64%。组合工艺处理后出水平均COD和NH₄⁺-N分别为46 mg·L⁻¹和4.1 mg·L⁻¹,出水水质可以稳定达到《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21903-2008)。相较于单独BAF工艺,组合工艺出水COD和NH₄⁺-N平均去除率分别提高了66%和15%,出水水质明显优于单独BAF工艺出水。     

不同比例乙酸和丙酸对活性污泥微生物合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯的影响

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）是一种生物可降解塑料,利用活性污泥合成PHA具有节约成本、操作方便的优点。研究选择污泥发酵液挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）中比重相对较高的乙酸和丙酸作为碳源自配营养液,深入研究不同质量浓度比对PHA合成的影响。结果表明,乙酸为主要碳源时更有利于PHA的合成,最大合成量12.3%出现在乙酸作为唯一碳源的条件下。此外,PHA合成量随着底物中有机酸比重的增加而增加,充分展现了利用挥发性脂肪酸大量合成PHA的良好前景。     

碱激发电解锰渣制备水泥掺合料

电解锰渣是湿法冶炼金属锰的残渣,为降低其对环境的浸出毒性影响并提高其在水泥产品中的掺入量,利用碱激发技术处理电解锰渣制备水泥掺合料是一种可行的方法。主要研究了碱激发剂种类、掺量对电解锰渣的激发效果,并将碱激发电解锰渣用作水泥掺合料与水泥按不同比例混合研究对水泥抗压强度和浸出毒性的影响。结果表明：碱激发电解锰渣活性显著提高,NaOH中Na2O当量为10%时试件M-SH10的3、7、28 d抗压强度最高,分别为7.15、9.46、10.03 MPa;将此条件下激发的电解锰渣按质量比取15%与85%的水泥混合制得的掺合料其抗压强度较净水泥试件有一定程度的提高;浸出毒性结果显示Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Mn和Zn浓度均下降,且低于GB 8978-1996限值。     

基于PIV技术的ABR反应器在不同HRT下的液相流态特性

利用激光粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对ABR反应器的液相流态进行了研究,在水力停留时间（HRT）为3~58 h变化时,测试得反应器内下流室和上流室折流板内外侧关键截面的流场数据,获得了相关流场特征,包括速度矢量图、流线图谱和涡量场等。结果表明,HRT对下流室和上流室的液相轴向、径向平均速度和平均涡量强度影响不同,液相回流面积随HRT的增加逐渐减小;下流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐增加;上流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐减小。下流室和上流室在特定HRT时产生涡流、沟流。在本实验条件下,当处理难降解或高浓度废水时,得出HRT为33 h时反应器整体流态最佳。     

Impairments of cadmium on vitellogenin accumulation in the hepatopancreas of freshwater crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinopotamon henanense</Emphasis>

During ovary maturation of crabs, vitellogenin (Vg), a precursor molecule of vitellin (Vn) needed for embryogenesis, can be produced in large quantities in the hepatopancreas and then transported to the ovary by the hemolymph. In the present study, effects of Cd on Vg accumulation in the hepatopancreas and Vg transportation of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense were investigated. We also studied the impacts of Cd on the mRNA expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, protein metabolism, and metallothionein (MT) and glutathione (GSH) synthesis. After Cd treatment, the Vg concentration and the Vg mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas were downregulated. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that the Vg level in the hepatopancreas correlated positively with those of the ovary and hemolymph (correlation coefficients 0.844 and 0.749, respectively), suggesting that the Vg transport from the hepatopancreas to the ovary can be impaired by Cd. The levels of carbohydrate and protein in the hepatopancreas of Cd-exposed crabs were decreased, and an inhibited protein metabolism was also observed. Energy production related isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase mRNA expressions, and MT and GSH synthesis increased after 10 days of Cd treatment and decreased after 20 days. Cd also caused a time-dependent upregulation of malondialdehyde. Our findings showed that Cd decreased Vg accumulation in the hepatopancreas due to partially excessive energy consumption and an activated defense system in the hepatopancreas, suggesting a possible regulatory mechanism in S. henanense which is the competitive advantage of energy reserves in metabolic Cd stress responses over the high-energy flux during vitellogenesis to ensure a continuous supply of metabolic energy. Moreover, the damage of Vg accumulation in the hepatopancreas caused by Cd could lead to an insufficient accumulation of Vn in the ovary and cause a retardation of oocyte development.     

低强度超声波预处理对污泥自热式高温好氧消化的影响

以0.3 W·cm-2的低强度超声波对调配好的污泥进行5、10和20 min的辐照,再经过12 d的自热式高温好氧消化（ATAD）。结果表明,适当的低强度超声预处理能够有效地加快稳定化进程,其中超声波辐照10 min后的实验组效果最好,在第8.5天时,温度升高至58.3℃,VSS去除率达到42.1%,比未经超声预处理的实验组提前2 d达到稳定状态。在消化过程中脱氢酶的活性与VSS去除率有着很好的相关性（R2>0.86）,它能有效地表征VSS的高温好氧降解规律及有机物去除程度。稳定后的污泥上清液中TP浓度降至初始浓度的40%以下,TOC浓度升高至初始浓度的3~4倍。然它们的浓度仍很高,仍会给后续处理增加一定的负担。     

电-Fenton法处理页岩气压裂返排液

页岩气开发压裂返排液处理是近年的研究热点,本文采用电-Fenton氧化技术对压裂返排液絮凝出水进行深度处理研究,主要考察了H2O2投加量、pH值、电压和反应时间对COD去除效果的影响。通过正交实验和单因素影响实验,确定电-Fenton氧化处理絮凝出水的适宜条件为：H2O2投加量为40 mL·L-1、pH=3、电压6 V和反应时间60 min。在此条件下,出水COD为71.3 mg·L-1,COD去除率达到62.5%。实验结果表明化学絮凝-电-Fenton氧化是页岩气压裂返排液达标外排的一种适宜处理工艺。