西安市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及与气象因素和常规污染物相关性

利用西安市环境监测站超级站2013年9月1日—2015年5月31日黑碳气溶胶(BC)的监测数据,研究空气中BC浓度特征及其与气象因素和常规污染物相关性。结果表明:BC小时平均浓度均值在春季、夏季和冬季的变化趋势呈"W"型,秋季呈"V"型,且冬季的第一个最低值和峰值比春季和夏季的分别延迟1 h和2~3 h,且20:00~次日6:00秋季BC小时平均浓度均值高于当年冬季。BC浓度在秋季和冬季较高,夏季较低。冬季BC/PM_(2.5)基本最低,秋季BC/PM_(2.5)相对最高。BC日平均浓度与气温、降水和风速的日平均值为极负显著相关,且风速小于1.0 m/s时,其与风速呈最显著的负相关。除O_3外,BC日平均浓度与其他常规空气污染物浓度呈显著相关,表明其同源性很强,且受机动车尾气排放的影响更大。     

基于环境一号卫星的PM2.5浓度遥感反演研究

2014年12月29—30日,青岛市发生了一次空气污染过程,利用环境一号卫星CCD遥感影像数据和实测PM_(2.5)浓度数据,分析了该过程前后5 d的实测PM_(2.5)浓度与环境一号卫星CCD遥感影像的DN值之间的相关性,分别按日期和区域建立了反演模型。结果表明,按日期拟合反演模型相关系数为0.02~0.51,按区域拟合反演模型相关系数为0.01~0.80,总体来说,区域拟合结果较好。     

碱片-离子色谱法测定硫酸盐化速率影响因素

采用碱片-离子色谱法测定空气的硫酸盐化速率,方法在硫酸盐质量浓度为1.00~20.0 mg/L范围内线性良好(r≥0.999 0);碱片剪碎或不剪碎对空白碱片中硫酸根离子质量浓度的测定无明显影响,且高低两种加标浓度的回收率均在80.0%~120%之间;对于碱片实际样品,碱片剪碎更有利于硫酸根离子的快速溶出;随浸泡时间的延长,碱片中溶出的硫酸根离子质量浓度呈上升趋势,7 h硫酸根离子基本溶出完全,从保证结果质量和节省时间的角度考虑,确定最佳浸泡时间为3.5 h,建议碱片全部采取剪碎处理。     

环境监测市场化管理工作思考

阐述了我国及其他国家环境监测市场管理的经验,以及我国在推进环境监测市场化管理方面的探索;指出了目前环境监测市场化管理中存在的问题,提出,应加快建立适合国情的监测总体格局;建立完善环境监测社会化监管制度体系;充分发挥行业协会在监管中的作用;强化对社会监测机构监管力度;提高社会环境监测机构能力。     

土壤中挥发性芳香烃的顶空前处理方法研究

本方法针对土壤中挥发性芳香烃顶空前处理条件进行了研究,优化了顶空密封垫的选择、顶空平衡温度、加热平衡时间、进样时间和顶空瓶压力等顶空前处理条件,测定条件科学、准确,完全能够满足土壤中挥发性芳香烃监测分析的灵敏度和准确度相关的技术要求。该方法精密度为1.7%~9.8%,准确度为34.3%~83.7%,检出限为2.0~4.2μg/kg。为制订土壤中挥发性芳香烃监测分析方法提供了技术支持。     

浅谈滨海湿地生态环境退化监测与评价

指出了滨海湿地面临的主要环境问题。简述了美国、欧洲、澳大利亚等滨海湿地现状及监测评价方法。对我国滨海湿地管理与研究进展进行了分析探索。     

天津市基于新标准的空气质量预报模型效果评估

利用2015年环境空气质量监测数据,对天津市OPAQ空气质量统计预报模型预测效果进行验证评估。结果表明,模型对天津市AQI和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3、NO——2的预测结果与实测结果具有较好的趋势一致性,且预测时间越临近,拟合度越好,24 h预报的相关系数r全部达到0.8以上。对PM_(2.5)的预报性能明显优于PM_(10)、O_3和NO_2,PM_(2.5)平均值预测略呈正偏差,但重污染预测值偏低约15%;O_3和NO_2预测值呈明显负偏差,O_3峰值预测不足,NO_2预测值整体偏低,均以24 h预报趋势性最好,但负偏差最为突出。     

Fluctuating asymmetry rather than oxidative stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo raddei</Emphasis> can be an accurate indicator of environmental pollution induced by heavy metals

Oxidative stress (OS) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as risk markers for environmental stress are widely used to predict changes in the health and fitness of many animals exposed to pollutants. However, from the perspective of protecting declining amphibians, it remains to be verified which one would be a reliable indicator for amphibians exposed to long-term heavy metal pollution under natural conditions. In this study, the OS and FA of Bufo raddei exposed to natural heavy metal pollution were analyzed to determine which marker is more accurate for indicating heavy metal-induced stress. Three years of data were collected during the breeding season of B. raddei from Baiyin (BY), which has been mainly contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd compounds for a long period, and from Liujiaxia (LJX), which is a relatively unpolluted area. Unexpectedly, although significant accumulation of the four heavy metals was found in the kidney and liver of B. raddei from BY, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde in these two organs were found to be irregular, with low repeatability in both BY and LJX. However, significant differences in the levels of FA were observed in B. raddei populations from these two areas over the past 3 years (P < 0.01). The degrees of FA in B. raddei populations from BY and LJX were assessed as degree 4 and 1, respectively. In short, this study suggested that FA was a more reliable and effective indicator than OS to monitor and predict long-term environmental stress on anuran amphibians.     

过氯乙烯滤膜采样-酸消解-钼蓝光度法测定磷酸雾

建立了过氯乙烯滤膜采样 -酸消解 -钼蓝分光光度法测定磷化车间磷酸雾的监测方法。实验室模拟采样的捕集效率为 95 7%～ 99 1 %。单个实验室对含 5μg和 1 5μg样品进行多次测定 ,其相对标准差小于 5% ,样品加标回收率为 98 2 %～ 1 0 0 5% ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 7mg/m3。对标样测定 ,结果均在给定值范围内。用该法与等离子发射光谱法(ICP)对 5个样品进行比对测定 ,结果均令人满意。