黄、东海二甲基硫与环境因子的多元分析及建模

基于已发表的2005~2015年的文献数据,讨论了黄、东海表层二甲基硫（DMS）和叶绿素a （Chl-a）浓度的时空变化.结果表明：夏季DMS和Chl-a浓度高于冬季;由南至北,年均DMS和Chl-a浓度逐渐升高,且四季间的差异变大.黄、东海表层海水DMS和Chl-a、温度的统计分析表明,春、夏季Chl-a和DMS浓度存在指数关系,而冬季Chl-a和DMS浓度则存在线性关系;不同Chl-a水平下,温度对DMS浓度的影响存在差异.黄、东海表层DMS浓度与Chl-a浓度及温度的多元统计模型结果显示：DMS浓度随着Chl-a浓度增加而增加;在中心温度为21.31℃的温度区间内,DMS浓度较高,且Chl-a浓度越高,这个温度区间越窄.     

巢湖水域四溴双酚A的多介质迁移与归趋模拟

运用Ⅲ级逸度模型,模拟并研究了不同水动力条件下四溴双酚A（TBBPA）在巢湖水-沉积物系统中各环境相的浓度、储量以及相间的迁移通量.结果表明：TBBPA在水相、再悬浮颗粒相和沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性,并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模拟关键参数.当系统达到平衡时,沉积物是TBBPA最大的储库（占系统总储量86%以上）.同时,由于较强的水动力条件会改变系统再悬浮特征以及降解半衰期等关键参数,进而降低了各环境相中TBBPA的浓度值,增加了水相和再悬浮颗粒相中的储量比例,并增加了水体-再悬浮颗粒、沉积物-再悬浮颗粒的相间交换通量.此外,TBBPA在巢湖水-沉积物系统中损失的主要途径为沉积物相的降解（占入湖总量87%以上）.     

我国PM2.5与臭氧污染协同控制策略研究

近年来,我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化,PM_2.5与臭氧（O₃）成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要空气污染物,二者协同控制已成为我国空气质量改善的焦点和打赢蓝天保卫战的关键.PM_2.5与臭氧之间具有复杂的关联性,使得二者的协同控制具有复杂性与艰巨性.分析了PM_2.5与臭氧成因的关联性及其相互影响,阐明了PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制所涉及的重要科学问题,并在此基础上研究了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧的污染形势及二者的关联性,梳理了我国自2013年以来在PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制中已采取的重要举措,论述了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧协同控制在科学与管理上所面临的挑战.结合对国外成功经验的分析,提出推进我国PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制工作的相关建议:①加快监测能力建设,完善管理体系;②强化科技支撑,提高PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制精准性;③加快构建VOCs与NO_x治理技术体系;④加大VOCs与NO_x的协同减排力度,保障减排方案落实到位.      

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

基于灾害风险理论的岩溶区建设项目地下水污染风险评价

为研究岩溶地区建设项目的地下水污染风险,引入灾害风险理论确定地下水污染风险是由地下水脆弱性和建设项目污染负荷危险性两方面共同决定,并构建了地下水污染风险指标体系。采用模糊层次分析法确定各指标权重,选择TOPSIS模型进行脆弱性和危险性等级的判断,最后依据风险等级分区矩阵确定地下水污染风险评价等级。以贵州西北地区某火电厂项目进行地下水污染风险评价实例应用,结果表明该项目地下水污染风险等级为"较高",主要因素为该地区地下水含水层脆弱性"较高",评价结果符合实际,具有一定应用价值。     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

武汉市湖泊侵占现状分析与洪涝灾害

湖泊是集提供水源、补充地下水、调节径流、抵御洪涝灾害、改善微小气候等功能为一体的重要水域,是湿地的重要组成部分。分析武汉市湖泊侵占与洪涝灾害现状发现,武汉市湖泊侵占现状严重,面积锐减,从而影响了湖泊在防洪排涝体系中的重要作用,是造成了武汉市历年遭受特大洪涝灾害的原因之一。2016年的洪涝灾害应该进一步敲醒警钟,保护武汉市湖泊资源迫在眉睫。为政府决策部门、职能部门、科研机构保护武汉市湖泊资源提供依据。     

坡耕地不同作物及有无树篱对土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响研究

为研究种植不同作物及有无树篱的坡耕地中土壤微生物群落结构与多样性是否有差异,以湖北秭归张家冲水土保持站试验田坡耕地有无树篱及3种典型作物(茶树、柑橘、花生)搭配共计6种样地为研究对象,测定其土壤的理化性质,并通过16S rDNA测序法对土壤微生物群落组成与多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同作物及有无树篱均对土壤微生物群落组成与多样性有显著影响(p0.05);花生样地含有最多种类的土壤微生物(p0.05),其土壤微生物多样性最高;无树篱样地土壤微生物门和目的数目高于有树篱样地;研究样地中土壤微生物优势种类在门的水平上有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占总数的23.22%、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)16.59%、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)14.81%、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)9.38%,在属的水平上有DA101属11.34%、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)8.77%、出芽菌属(Gemmata)6.19%、红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)5.05%;土壤微生物分布受土壤理化性质的影响,酸杆菌门和变形菌门细菌丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关(p=0.042),说明土壤pH值显著影响土壤微生物的分布。     

垃圾填埋场生态修复工程滑坡成因及应对措施

垃圾填埋场封场覆盖系统滑坡现象屡见不鲜。为探究其滑坡原因,以某垃圾填埋场生态修复工程覆盖系统为例,深入分析了滑坡现象产生的机理,并结合边坡稳定性分析,得出堆体沉降和突降暴雨是该填埋场产生滑坡的主要诱发因素。堆体沉降和突降暴雨带来的覆盖土层渗透系数提高、覆盖排水系统破坏、排水层饱和、边坡稳定性下降等影响若不及时维护或消除,则会造成覆盖土层边坡失稳。建议加强垃圾填埋场生态修复工程竣工后的维护管理制度建设和执行,解决好排水不畅的问题,对覆盖土层、排水沟、盲沟、截洪沟等设施进行及时维护,保障覆盖排水系统运行正常,以降低垃圾填埋场封场覆盖系统大面积滑坡的风险。     

宜昌城区冬季大气污染的气象成因对比分析研究

2016年冬季,宜昌城区空气质量比上年冬季明显改善,通过采用对比分析、相关分析及后向轨迹分析等方法,诊断可能的原因.结果表明,宜昌城区冬季空气污染主要是由于细颗粒物导致,2016年冬季PM2.5、PM10、SO2浓度较2015年冬季明显降低,主要原因包括含硫燃料燃烧明显减少、外源性污染物的输入明显减少、降水清除以及减排措施有力等.后向轨迹分析结果显示,两年冬季污染最严重时段的污染物路径来源不同,2015年冬季最严重的污染过程主要是由于上游北方远距离的外源性污染的快速输入、在本地下沉导致,2016年冬季最严重的污染过程则是由于来自偏南路径近距离的气团叠加本地污染源,在垂直方向累积造成.