土壤对酸沉降的缓冲能力与土壤矿物的风化特征

在土壤的模拟酸雨淋溶实验基础上,对不同地区不同层次土壤的缓冲能力进行了探讨;用硅作为指示性元素,研究了酸沉降作用下土壤矿物的风化特征;根据实验结果,对土壤中存在的两个缓冲体系进行了讨论。     

中国陆地生态信息空间化技术研究(Ⅲ)——温度、降水等气候要素

利用国家气象局722个气象台站1971～2000年的气象资料,采用三维二次趋势面分析与空间插值相结合等方法,在ArcGIS平台上对气温、降水、空气湿度等气候要素进行空间化,生成国家尺度的1km×1km栅格各种要素气候图180多幅。经检验,平均绝对误差,平均气温和平均最高、最低气温为0.5℃左右,极端最高气温为1℃左右,极端最低气温为1.5℃左右,平均风速为0.4m·min-1;而平均相对误差,≥0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃的积温和平均相对湿度多在5%以下,降水量和饱和差在10%左右;其空间化的精度基本上达到了实用要求。为生态学、地学、资源与环境等学科的发展提供了重要的基础数据与研究平台。研究表明,空间化误差的时空分布与测点密度、气候要素本身特性等因素有关。一般规律是:西部地区大于东部地区,冬季大于夏季,离散的气候要素大于连续的气候要素,极端值大于平均值。     

复杂地形污染物扩散模式比较

对复杂地形污染物扩散模式的国内外的研究成果作了回顾性的展望,在此基础上对各模式的适用性做出比较,最后,对今后有待改进的方面提出了一些意见。     

三峡库区垃圾堆放场稳定化周期的研究

分析了垃圾堆放场稳定化过程的影响因素．确定有机质、浸出液COD、垃圾组分和垃圾产气量为三峡库区垃圾场稳定化程度的判别指标，并且建立了稳定化评价标准．通过垃圾采样和实验研究，并进行归类统计分析，得出三峡库区垃圾堆放场的稳定化周期。     

湘中某冶炼区农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,以湘中某冶炼区稻田土壤(0—20 cm)为研究对象,分析其中的Cd、Zn及Pb含量,评价其重金属污染程度与潜在生态风险.单因子污染评价结果表明,100%的土壤样点Cd处于重度污染;有96.0%的样点Zn处于重度污染,有99.5%的样点Pb处于重度污染,土壤的重金属污染程度为Cd>Pb>Zn.潜在生态风险评估结果显示,大多数样点Zn处于轻度生态风险;Pb每个生态风险级别的样点都有,其中处于强生态风险样点居多;100%的样点Cd处于极强生态风险水平.综合潜在生态风险表明,11.0%样点综合潜在生态风险达到很强水平,89.0%样点综合潜在生态风险处于极强水平.上述各项指标综合表明,湘中某冶炼区农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染.     

CuO/zeolite catalyzed oxidation of gaseous toluene under microwave heating

The development of a combined process of catalytic oxidation and microwave heating for treatment of toluene waste gas was described in this work. Toluene, a typical toxic volatile organic compound, was oxidized through a fixed bed reaction chamber containing zeolite-supported copper oxide (CuO/zeolite) catalyst mixed with silicon carbide (SiC), an excellent microwave-absorbing material. The target compound was efficiently degraded on the surface of the catalyst at high reaction temperature achieved by microwave-heated SiC. A set of experimental parameters, such as microwave power, air flow and the loading size of CuO etc., were investigated, respectively. The study demonstrated these parameters had critical impact on toluene degradation. Under optimal condition, 92% toluene was removed by this combined process, corresponding to an 80%–90% TOC removal rate. Furthermore, the catalyst was highly stable even after eight consecutive 6-h runs. At last, a hypothetical degradation pathway of toluene was proposed based on the experimental data obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrum and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses.     

矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价模型与实例研究

为对湘南某矿区耕地土壤重金属污染情况作出客观实际的评价,将层次分析理论用于环境评价领域,引入重金属毒性响应系数和重金属在粮食中限量值双重准则,以确定重金属元素之间的权重,并结合加权平均法建立综合评价模型.同时,结合GIS对耕地土壤重金属空间分布、重金属富集特征及综合污染情况进行分析.对该矿区4种重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的综合污染评价结果表明,该矿区耕地土壤重金属综合污染情况严重,综合污染指数变化范围为1.25～427,属重度污染.因子分析结果表明,4种重金属的来源具有一定相似性,主要来源于矿区有色金属采选冶炼活动.空间分析表明,4种重金属的含量及综合污染的空间分布特征呈明显富集.该评价模型可用于对矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价的研究,为土壤重金属污染评价提供了新的思路.     

非规范生活垃圾填埋场填埋气横向迁移规律及控制

我国城市中尚有大量非规范生活垃圾填埋场存在,对其进行污染整治消除填埋气导致的环境安全隐患刻不容缓.以重庆某垃圾填埋场为例,研究重庆市主城区的非规范生活垃圾填埋场填埋气的横向迁移问题,在垃圾场周边区域布设36个监测井,对监测井中的填埋气进行分析监测,以填埋气特征组分CH4气体的体积浓度变化研究填埋气的横向迁移规律.结果表明,监测井到填埋场边界的距离为监测井中CH4气体浓度的主要影响因素;垃圾场周边距离填埋场场界50 m以外的区域,填埋气的横向迁移已经相当微弱;但是距离填埋场边界50 m以内区域的填埋气的横向迁移明显,需要在距离填埋场边界50 m范围内采取措施与场内填埋气的导排措施配合,进行填埋气的污染控制.     

Assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in contaminated sediments and soils using green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensors

A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based bacterial biosensor Escherichia coli DH5alpha (pVLCD1) was developed based on the expression of gfp under the control of the cad promoter and the cadC gene of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. DH5alpha (pVLCD1) mainly responded to Cd(II), Pb(II), and Sb(III), the lowest detectable concentrations being 0.1 nmol L(-1), 10 nmol L(-1), and 0.1 nmol L(-1), respectively, with 2h exposure. The biosensor was field-tested to measure the relative bioavailability of the heavy metals in contaminated sediments and soil samples. The results showed that the majority of heavy metals remained adsorbed to soil particles: Cd(II)/Pb(II) was only partially available to the biosensor in soil-water extracts. Our results demonstrate that the GFP-based bacterial biosensor is useful and applicable in determining the bioavailability of heavy metals with high sensitivity in contaminated sediment and soil samples and suggests a potential for its inexpensive application in environmentally relevant sample tests.