特种纸行业水污染防治对策——以浙江省为例

以浙江省为例,深入分析特种纸行业发展现状及特点、水污染物排放控制水平和企业在执行国家现有污染物排放标准过程中存在的问题与原因。针对特种纸的特殊性,从完善造纸行业标准体系的角度,提出制定特种纸行业污染物排放标准,确定一厂一策的标准执行体系的建议;从提升产业污染控制水平及产业转型升级角度,提出按规模、分区域、分纸品确定转型重点,研究制定最佳可行技术导则,加快污染治理设施的提升改造,加强企业技改力度及提高清洁生产水平等对策与建议,以促进特种纸行业的可持续发展。     

辽宁省近50年降水量的突变特征及变化趋势分析

首先采用Pettitt方法对辽宁省21个气象站1958年一2008年51年的降水量序列进行突变分析,结果显示54476和54486两测站的年降水量序列分别在1996年和1998年存在显著的突变且通过了显著性水平检验,其它测站的降水量序列均未检测出显著的突变年份。根据累积距平曲线分析辽宁省51年的年均降水量在时间尺度上大致分为三个阶段：1958年一1975年为降水量增加阶段,1975年一1996年为降水量稳定阶段,1996年一2008为降水量减少阶段。最后应用Morlet小波分析对辽宁省年均降水量进行周期分析,结果表明降水在大尺度时间上存在约24年的周期震荡,在小尺度时间上存在约9年的周期震荡。     

城市生活垃圾填埋处理甲烷排放估算及控制途径研究

随着人口的增长,城市化和经济化发展以及居民生活水平的不断提高,固体废弃物的排放量日益增多,废弃物处理不仅是大气中甲烷的一个重要排放源,而且已成为限制城市化进展和城市经济发展的重大问题之一。固体废弃物填埋处理甲烷的排放量的估算,对准确评估未来气候变化以及应对气候变化所带来的影响具有重要的意义。本文在分析了填埋场甲烷产生影响因素的基础上,估算了2005年-2010年杭州市填埋场甲烷排放量,提出了填埋场甲烷排放控制的对策建议,为杭州市温室气体减排工作提供参考意见。     

构建松辽流域水质监测信息系统可行性分析

随着2011年中央一号文件的提出,水利部对流域机构水质监测工作提出了更高的要求。为落实水利部水文局“七项制度”的要求,全面提升科学管理、数据准确、客户满意的质量方针,及时准确地提供监测数据,急需建立一套松辽流域水质监测信息管理平台,实现松辽流域水环境监测中心由传统的手工管理模式转向自动化、信息化管理的跨越,本文对构建松辽流域监测信息平台进行系统论述。     

面向社会的地震监测预报信息服务调查与对策研究

本文基于中国"陌生人"社会的社会背景下,采用问卷方式对社会各个层次对地震监测预报信息的需求、认知现状等进行了抽样调查,提出了地震监测预报服务社会信息产品的种类及可行性。     

Profiling the ionome of rice and its use in discriminating geographical origins at the regional scale, China

Element profile was investigated for their use to trace the geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples. The concentrations of 13 elements (calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and cadmium (Cd)) were determined in the rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry. Most of the essential elements for human health in rice were within normal ranges except for Mo and Se. Mo concentrations were twice as high as those in rice from Vietnam and Spain. Meanwhile, Se concentrations were three times lower in the whole province compared to the Chinese average level of 0.088 mg/kg. About 12% of the rice samples failed the Chinese national food safety standard of 0.2 mg/kg for Cd. Combined with the multi-elemental profile in rice, the principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and Fibonacci index analysis (FIA) were applied to discriminate geographical origins of the samples. Results indicated that the FIA method could achieve a more effective geographical origin classification compared with PCA and DFA, due to its efficiency in making the grouping even when the elemental variability was so high that PCA and DFA showed little discriminatory power. Furthermore, some elements were identified as the most powerful indicators of geographical origin: Ca, Ni, Fe and Cd. This suggests that the newly established methodology of FIA based on the ionome profile can be applied to determine the geographical origin of rice.     

Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces under UV irradiation

Photolysis of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soil surfaces may play an important role in the fate of PAHs in the environment.Photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces under UV irradiation was investigated.The effects of oxygen,irradiation intensity and soil moisture on the degradation of the three PAHs were observed.The results showed that oxygen,soil moisture and irradiation intensity enhanced the photolysis of the three PAHs on soil surfaces.The degradation of the three PAHs on soil surfaces is related to their absorption spectra and the oxidation-half-wave potential.The photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces in the presence of oxygen followed pseudo first-order kinetics.The photolysis half-lives ranged from 37.87 days for benzo[a]pyrene to 58.73 days for phenanthrene.The results indicate that photolysis is a successful way to remediate PAHs-contaminated soils.     

Function of arsATorf7orf8 of Bacillus sp. CDB3 in arsenic resistance

Bacillus sp. CDB3 isolated from an arsenic contaminated cattledip site possesses an uncommon arsenic resistance (ars) operon bearing eight genes in the order of arsRYCDATorf7orf8. We investigated the functions of arsA, arsT, orf7 and orf8 in arsenic resistance using a plasmid-based gene knockout approach in the ars genedeficient Escherichia coli strain AW3110. The CDB3 arsA genewas shown to play a significant role in resistance, suggesting that the encoded ArsA may couplewith the arsenite transporter, forming an ArsAY complex that can enhance arsenite extrusion efficiency. Thedisruption of either arsT or orf7was not observed to affect arsenic resistance in the heterologous E. coli host, but their involvement in arsenic resistance can not be excluded. The orf8 gene is predicted to encode a putativedual-specificity protein phosphatasewhich also shares certain homology to arsenate reductases. The function loss of orf8 resulted in a remarkabledecrease in resistance to arsenate, though not arsenite. To examine if this effectwasdue to the reduction of arsenate by orf8, the arsC genewithin the 8-gene operonwasdisrupted. The resulting abolishment of arsenate resistance suggests that the involvement of orf8 in arsenic resistance is not via reductase activity.     

Antibacterial potency of housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion

Use of the fly to convert sewage sludge into nutrient-rich soil conditioner and amendment is an attractive approach for sludge bioconversion. During this process, fecal coliforms, an indicating pathogen, in sludge were reduced to 5.3 × 102 most probable number /g dry solid from initial 3.32 × 106 MPN/g dry solid. It was also found that the extract of larvae grown in sludge during bioconversion have an observable inhibitory effect against bacteria compared to larvae grown in wheat bran as measured by minimum bacterial concentration tests. In vitro antimicrobial assay tests over time also showed that the extract had strong inhibitory efficiencies of ca. 99% against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, while the efficiency was 69% and 57% against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The observed pathogenic bacterial cell membrane damage was found to be responsible for the phenomenon mentioned above, with nuclear acids leaching out quickly and alkaline phosphatase increasing in the outer membrane, followed by an increase of β-galactosidase in the inner membrane. Clearly, housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion possesses antibacterial potency against pathogenic bacteria.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物重金属形态分析及风险评价

采用BCR 3步连续提取法研究了太湖竺山湾沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在垂直方向上不同形态的分布特征,并利用人类活动系数和重金属形态评价方法对其进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,重金属总量大小为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd,表层沉积物表现出明显的富集效应;重金属总量和可提取态的含量均有从表层至下层逐渐降低的趋势;河流入湖口处5 cm的沉积物重金属总量和可提取态含量显著高于其他区域;AF富集系数评价显示,除Cr外,其余重金属在沉积物中表现出明显出明显的富集效应,特别是Cd和Pb;RSP生态风险评价表明,表层5 cm沉积物生态风险最高,特别是Cd;Cd元素在表层15 cm的沉积物属于重度污染;Zn的表层10 cm属于重度污染;重金属Ni、Cu和Pb在表层5 cm沉积物中基本介于中度污染和重度污染之间,在5～10 cm介于轻度污染和中度污染之间。