火灾情况下某单洞双层盾构隧道人员疏散分析

对于火灾情况下单洞双层超大断面双层盾构隧道人员疏散问题,在现有的规范中,没有相关条文说明给出明确要求。主要针对火灾情况下某单洞双层盾构隧道人员疏散进行分析,对我国某水下盾构隧道开展了火灾情况下人员疏散的模拟研究。利用Pathfinder模拟疏散软件,通过模拟计算获得该双层盾构隧道发生一起火灾情况下人员逃生所需的时间,验证其疏散通道的疏散能力,以及疏散楼梯尺寸、疏散逃生洞口间距的有效性。在模拟中,将火源设置在隧道的下层,人员从隧道下层往上层疏散。结果表明,基于隧道内疏散楼梯最大的有效宽度,当疏散逃生洞口间距设置为36m时,方可将人员疏散至未失火层隧道的时间控制在6 min以内,从而满足"6 min原则"要求。     

混晶纳米TiO_2的制备及其光催化降解有毒有机污染物

以无定形TiO2沉淀为前驱体,在水热条件下得到了含板钛矿(121)相混晶纳米TiO2,考察了水热反应的温度和时间等因素对含板钛矿型TiO2光催化活性的影响.采用XRD、TEM对制备的TiO2进行初步表征,并结合光催化(λ≤387 nm)降解有机染料的光活性探针反应.结果表明,水热温度为150℃,时间为24 h时,可制得具有较高光催化活性的纳米TiO2,其纳米尺寸为14.20 nm,板钛矿相含量63.6%,锐钛矿含量为36.4%.光催化实验中跟踪研究了其对染料酸性桃红(sulforhodmineB,SRB)的褪色及2,4-DCP的降解情况,并对降解中间产物H2 O2、.OH进行跟踪测定,实验结果表明板钛矿相混晶TiO2的光催化主要涉及.OH氧化历程,光照射9 h对SRB和2,4-DCP的矿化氧化分别达到89%和78%,循环5次光催化降解SRB实验,催化剂表现出较好的稳定性,催化性能无明显变化.     

Removal of fluoride from water using titanium-based adsorbents

Three adsorbents including TiO₂, Ti-Ce, and Ti-La hybrid oxides were prepared to remove fluoride from aqueous solution. The Ti-Ce and Ti-La hybrid adsorbents obtained by the hydrolysis-precipitation method had much higher sorption capacity for fluoride than the TiO₂ adsorbent prepared through hydrolysis. Rare earth (Ce and La) oxides and TiO₂ exhibited a synergistic effect in the hybrid adsorbents for fluoride sorption. The sorption equilibrium of fluoride on the three adsorbents was achieved within 4 h, and the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetics well. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model well, and the adsorption capacities of fluoride on the Ti-Ce and Ti-La adsorbents were about 9.6 and 15.1 mg·g⁻¹, respectively, at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, much higher than the 1.7 mg·g⁻¹ on the TiO₂. The sorption capacities of fluoride on the three adsorbents decreased significantly when the solution pH increased from 3 to 9.5. The electrostatic interaction played an important role in fluoride removal by the three adsorbents, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface were involved in fluoride adsorption.     

奥氏体不锈钢紧固件电偶腐蚀原因分析与防护

介绍了奥氏体不锈钢紧固件受湿热环境腐蚀的典型案例,在对304不锈钢与LY12铝合金接触界面上的电偶腐蚀进行失效分析的基础上,进一步讨论了奥氏体不锈钢活化-钝化腐蚀的损伤机理,并提出几种针对性的防护措施。试验表明,存在EMF差的金属连接件经过表面处理后,具有理想的抗腐蚀性能。     

潜流人工湿地系统停留时间分布与N、P浓度空间变化

通过人工湿地小试装置,研究了风车草和香蒲水平潜流人工湿地处理富营养化养殖水体过程中水力停留时间分布（RTD）特征和系统内N、P浓度空间变化规律.结果表明,供试的香蒲潜流湿地和风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线特征值σ²分别为0.324 6和0.410 8,表明水流流态介于推流与混合流之间,风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线较香蒲潜流湿地平滑,水流混合流动程度较弱. 2种植物类型湿地床体总氮（TN）和氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）浓度在垂直方向上的分层现象明显,尤其在湿地床体前端;TN浓度随着取样点深度增加而上升,而NH⁺₄-N浓度则以中层取样点为最低;对于总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐（PO^3-₄-P）浓度, 2种植物类型湿地系统内均表现为随取样点深度增加而上升,但这种差异随沿程而降低. 与香蒲湿地相比较,风车草潜流湿地系统N、P浓度分层现象更为明显.风车草湿地系统后端各层取样点TN和TP平均浓度较香蒲湿地系统分别下降了19.8%和12.3%,说明风车草潜流湿地系统对富营养化养殖水体中氮、磷的去除效果优于香蒲湿地.     

城市生物质废物厌氧消化处理可行性分析

城市废物传统的处理方式主要包括卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥,而近年来,随着城市生活垃圾中生物质废物的增加以及世界能源短缺现象的加剧,具有废物处理和资源回收双重效益的生物质废物厌氧消化技术日益受到世界各国的广泛关注。文章分析了我国城市生物质废物的种类和性质,指出了采用目前的三种传统废物处理方式处理我国城市生物质废物的弊端,并提出了利用厌氧消化技术处理城市生物质废物的适用性,对比分析了上述四种废物处理方式的优缺点,并从政策方向性、技术工艺可靠性、原料和市场稳定性,以及环境、经济和社会效益优良性等多方面对城市生物质废物厌氧消化技术的可行性进行了分析,说明厌氧消化技术必将成为未来生物质废物资源化处理的发展趋势。     

规模化猪场原水氨氮对厌氧微生物活性的影响

通过厌氧毒性测定试验,研究模拟废水及猪场原水氨氮对厌氧微生物活性的影响。结果表明,模拟废水氨氮对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响具有多重性,当氨氮浓度低于400mg/L时,表现为促进产甲烷作用。当氨氮浓度为800mg/L时,开始表现为抑制产甲烷作用,并且随着氨氮浓度的升高,抑制作用增强。猪场原水在进水浓度下均表现为抑制作用。模拟废水50%抑制浓度为1900.1mg/L,猪场原水50%抑制浓度为1725.9mg/L;在相同的抑制程度下,模拟废水氨氮浓度均高于猪场原水,平均相差594.1mg/L。     

污泥对樟子松生物量及其重金属积累和土壤重金属有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同剂量污泥(体积分数,即污泥体积占污泥和沙土总体积的百分比,分别为:0、20%、33.3%、50%和100%)施用于风沙土条件下,污泥剂量对樟子松幼苗生物量及其对重金属的累积和土壤中重金属有效性的影响.结果表明,在养分含量低的风沙土中,施用污泥能够显著提高樟子松幼苗生物量,最适剂量为50%;污泥剂量的增加可促进樟子松植株对重金属的吸收和累积,在最适剂量(50%)条件下,樟子松植株中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的累积量分别是对照(不施污泥)的18.0、8.9、17.1、11.5倍;樟子松植株重金属吸收速率顺序为:ZnCuPbCd,而迁移系数顺序为:ZnCdCuPb;土壤中有效态重金属含量随污泥剂量的增加而增加,而植株收获后土壤中有效态重金属下降幅度均小于对照.     

镉、铅在沉水植物龙须眼子菜叶片中的分布

采用室内浸提、扫描电镜附加能谱分析、差数离心和凝胶层析等手段,研究了镉、铅在龙须眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)叶片中的分布.结果表明,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅具有很强的吸收能力,对溶液中镉、铅的平均去除效率分别为84%、91%.当镉、铅处理液浓度分别为6.67,83.00μmol/L时,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅的生物积累量分别为496,10800mg/kg,其中可溶态镉、铅的浓度分别为55.0,14.1mg/kg,说明龙须眼子菜叶片中的镉、铅大部分都是以结合态存在的.铅在龙须眼子菜叶细胞上的分布重量百分比及原子百分比均高于镉.15%的镉和25%的铅分布在龙须眼子菜的细胞壁中;56%的镉和25%的铅分布在液泡和胞基质中.龙须眼子菜叶片中除了有小分子蛋白与镉结合外,还有其他小分子有机物也能与镉结合,而铅则主要与小分子蛋白结合.     

Iron-doped Mn-Ce/TiO2 catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

The catalysts of iron-doped Mn-Ce/TiO 2(Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2) prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO with NH 3.It was found that the NO conversion over Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 was obviously improved after iron doping compared with that over Mn-Ce/TiO 2.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 with the molar ratio of Fe/Ti = 0.1 exhibited the highest activity.The results showed that 96.8% NO conversion was obtained over Fe(0.1)-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 at 180°C at a space velocity of 50,000 hr 1.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 exhibited much higher resistance to H 2 O and SO 2 than that of Mn-Ce/TiO 2.The properties of the catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),N 2 adsorption,temperature programmed desorption(NH 3-TPD and NOx-TPD),and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques.BET,NH3-TPD and NOx-TPD results showed that the specific surface area and NH3 and NOx adsorption capacity of the catalysts increased with iron doping.It was known from XPS analysis that iron valence state on the surface of the catalysts were in Fe3+ state.The doping of iron enhanced the dispersion and oxidation state of Mn and Ce on the surface of the catalysts.The oxygen concentrations on the surface of the catalysts were found to increase after iron doping.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO2 represented a promising catalyst for low temperature SCR of NO with NH3 in the presence of H2 O and SO2.