臭氧催化氧化处理压裂废液的实验研究

针对压裂废液黏度高、COD浓度高等特点,研究了一种以絮凝-臭氧催化氧化为主的压裂废液深度处理技术,对絮凝剂加量、助凝剂加量、臭氧加量、反应时间、pH等条件进行了优化,得出了压裂废液处理最佳工艺条件;处理后水质达到GB 8979-1996二级指标。     

Preparation and characterization of a lipoid adsorption material and its atrazine removal performance

A novel adsorbent named lipoid adsorption material (LAM), with a hydrophobic nucleolus (triolein) and a hydrophilic membrane structure (polyamide), was synthesized to remove hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from solution. Triolein, a type of lipoid, was entrapped by the polyamide membrane through an interfacial polymerization reaction. The method of preparation and the structure of the LAM were investigated and subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the characteristics of atrazine (a type of HOC) removal from wastewater using LAM as the adsorbent. The results showed that LAM had a regular structure compared with the prepolymer, where compact particles were linked with each other and openings were present in the structure of the LAM in which the fat drops formed from triolein were entrapped. In contrast to the atrazine adsorption behavior of powdered activated carbon (PAC), LAM showed a persistent adsorption capacity for atrazine when initial concentrations of 0.57, 1.12, 8.31 and 19.01 mg/L were present, and the equilibrium time was 12 hr. Using an 8 mg/L initial concentration of atrazine as an indicator of HOCs in aqueous solution, experiments on the adsorption capacity of the LAM showed 69.3% removal within 6–12 hr contact time, which was close to the 75.5% removal of atrazine by PAC. Results indicated that LAM has two atrazine removal mechanisms, namely the bioaccumulation of atrazine by the nucleous material and physical adsorption to the LAM membrane. Bioaccumulation was the main removal mechanism.     

磷酸铵镁热解产物循环沉氨技术进展研究

化学药剂费用过高以及磷酸盐元素的消耗和化学污泥的利用问题是阻碍磷酸铵镁结晶技术应用推广的难题之一,磷酸铵镁热解产物循环技术可解决上述难题.本文叙述了磷酸铵镁热解产物沉氨机理,磷酸铵镁热解影响因素以及热解产物沉氨过程中的影响因素及机理;并阐述了磷酸铵镁热解产物循环过程中带来的新的问题以及可能的解决方法.     

山西省庞泉沟大气环境背景监测站建设经验探讨

建设国家级大气环境背景监测站是系统掌握区域性大气环境质量,是大气环境管理重要的基础性工作。本研究以山西省庞泉沟大气环境背景监测站建设为例,基于站点选址原则、选取方法说明的基础上,介绍了庞泉沟大气环境背景监测站点位确定的考量因素,以及该站点基建内容、监测项目和质量控制体系等建设、运行情况,并梳理了该站建设、运行过程中的仍存在问题及改进建议,期望对中国同类型大气环境背景监测站建设、运行提供借鉴与参考。     

H_2O_2诱导拟南芥NIT2基因甲基化特征与转录水平改变

用外源H2O2处理拟南芥植株,亚硫酸氢盐修饰后测序法分析胁迫生理中NIT2基因启动子区甲基化特征变化,RT-PCR检测该基因的转录水平.结果显示:用100#mol·L-1的H2O2处理3 h后,NIT2启动子区胞嘧啶总甲基化水平与对照差异不大,但对照组CHG(H为C、A或T)和CG位点甲基化水平分别为35.0%和93.3%,H2O2处理组CHG和CG位点甲基化水平分别为50.0%和96.9%;H2O2处理组CHH位点则表现为甲基化水平升高、降低或去甲基化;H2O2胁迫组拟南芥地上组织中NIT2基因转录水平提高.研究结果表明:NIT2基因的转录应答和DNA甲基化修饰参与了植株的逆境生理过程;氧化胁迫与DNA甲基化改变、基因转录上调同时发生,说明胁迫诱发的活性氧增高可能参与胞嘧啶甲基化修饰和基因转录的调节.     

基于模糊数学的重庆地区雷电灾害风险评估方法研究

科学合理的雷电灾害风险评估能有效指导防雷减灾工作,不过目前雷电风险评估体系尚不完善,在某些时候不能真实地评价项目的雷电灾害风险,比如在评估大型住宅小区、大面积的厂房等时,现有的评估结果不能准确地反映客观风险。在深入研究雷电成灾机制和重庆雷电活动规律的基础上,利用模糊数学理论,通过致灾因子、暴露性和承灾体易损性三个方面进行分析,提出重庆地区的雷电风险评估方法。通过具体的评估验证,该方法有较好的适用性,能更好地为防雷减灾服务,也能完善现有的雷电灾害风险评估体系。     

四川升钟水库景区消费生态足迹研究

本文基于生态足迹与岛屿理论,对升钟水库国家4A级水利工程类旅游景区的原住居民和外来旅游者的食物消费状况作出评判.2013年升钟景区总的消费生态足迹为97 695 hm2,人均消费生态足迹为0.756 hm2/人.在生态足迹视角下对比景区的生产消费状况,反映出景区产业结构不合理等问题.建议今后要对景区的产业作出一定的调整,即消减盈余的猪肉、粮食、水果、蔬菜、豆类、鱼的生产性土地面积,增加牛羊肉、牛奶、糖类、蛋类的生产性土地面积,适当控制常住居民人口数量,积极发展生态旅游,增加游客人数,提高当地居民的生活水平,走可持续发展道路.     

Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves

There is profound interest in knowing the degree to which China's institutions are capable of protecting its natural forests and biodiversity in the face of economic and political change. China's 2 most important forest‐protection policies are its National Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and its national‐level nature reserves (NNRs). The NFPP was implemented in 2000 in response to deforestation‐caused flooding. We undertook the first national, quantitative assessment of the NFPP and NNRs to examine whether the NFPP achieved its deforestation‐reduction target and whether the NNRs deter deforestation altogether. We used MODIS data to estimate forest cover and loss across mainland China (2000–2010). We also assembled the first‐ever polygon dataset for China's forested NNRs (n = 237, 74,030 km² in 2000) and used both conventional and covariate‐matching approaches to compare deforestation rates inside and outside NNRs (2000–2010). In 2000, 1.765 million km² or 18.7% of mainland China was forested (12.3% with canopy cover of ≥70%)) or woodland (6.4% with canopy cover <70% and tree plus shrub cover ≥40%). By 2010, 480,203 km² of forest and woodland had been lost, an annual deforestation rate of 2.7%. Forest‐only loss was 127,473 km² (1.05% annually). In the NFPP provinces, the forest‐only loss rate was 0.62%, which was 3.3 times lower than in the non‐NFPP provinces. Moreover, the Landsat data suggest that these loss rates are overestimates due to large MODIS pixel size. Thus, China appears to have achieved, and even exceeded, its target of reducing deforestation to 1.1% annually in the NFPP provinces. About two‐thirds of China's NNRs were effective in protecting forest cover (prevented loss 4073 km² unmatched approach; 3148 km² matched approach), and within‐NNR deforestation rates were higher in provinces with higher overall deforestation. Our results indicate that China's existing institutions can protect domestic forest cover.     

Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in the surface water of the Yangtze River Delta, China

The pollution from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the surface water of the rapidly urbanized Yangtze River Delta region was investigated. Fourteen surface water samples were collected in June 2010. Water samples were liquid-liquid extracted using methylene chloride and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PAHs and PAEs ranged 12.9-638.1 ng/L and 61-28550 ng/L, respectively. Fluoranthene, naphthalene, pyrene, phenanthrene, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate were the most abundant compounds in the samples. The water samples were moderately polluted with benzo[a]pyrene according to China's environmental quality standard for surface water. The two highest concentrations of PAHs and PAEs occurred in samples from Taihu Lake, Wuxi City and the western section of Yangchenghu Lake. Potential sources of pollution at S7 were petroleum combustion and the plastics industry, and at Yangchenghu Lake were petroleum combustion and domestic waste. Pollution in samples from the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal originated from diesel engines. There were no obvious sources of pollution for the other water samples. These results can be used as reference levels for future monitoring programs of pollution from PAHs and PAEs.