企业环境行为管理研究——以H省为例

有效防治工业污染、改善环境是工业企业的基本责任。以能够反映企业环境行为的信息为基础,通过建立科学的百分制量化评价体系,对H省具有代表性和典型性的重点排污工业企业的环境守法行为、企业污染控制行为、环境信息公开行为等环境行为进行评价。分析结果表明,该省企业环境行为有较大提升空间,重污染行业形势令人担忧,由此明确企业改善环境行为的关键因素和影响机制,并从企业、政府、社会三个角度提出措施改善企业环境行为的建议。     

Effects of tetrahydrofuran on dissolved oxygen,pH, culturable aerobic microbes and enzyme activity in wastewater

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is easy to volatilize and hard to biodegrade. Little is known about the influence and fate of tetrahydrofuran in the environment. The effects of THF were examined on dissolved oxygen, pH, culturable aerobic microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) and four selected enzymes (protease, phosphatase, amylase, and lipase) in wastewater. The wastewater containing some activated sludge was taken from the aeration basin in Sibao sewage plant in Hangzhou, China. THF at lower concentrations of enhanced aerobic respiration and higher concentrations decreased utilization of oxygen in wastewater. The short-term influence of THF on pH was not obvious, but the long-term effect was apparent. Inhibition of THF on culturable aerobic microbes rose with increasing THF concentrations but decreased with prolongation of incubation time. No effect of THF on the activity of protease, phosphatase, amylase, and lipase was found. Data indicate that lower concentrations of THF exert no marked influence on wastewater in an urban sewage plant.     

Industrial eco-efficiency and its spatial-temporal differentiation in China

The aim of this paper is to study the spatialtemporal differentiation of industrial eco-efficiency in China. Using methods based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and data from 1985, 1995, 2005, and 2008 of 30 provinces in China, the spatial-temporal pattern changes in industrial eco-efficiency are discussed. The results show that: first, the patterns of industrial eco-efficiency are dominated by clustering of relatively low efficiency provinces; second, spatial relationships between the industrial eco-efficiencies of different provinces changed slightly throughout the period and the provinces persistently exhibit spatial concentration of relatively low industrial eco-efficiency; finally, there is an obvious trend in the polarization of industrial eco-efficiency, i.e., the higher level spatial units are concentrated in eastern China, and the lower level spatial units are mainly in western and central China.     

混合金属离子对厌氧生物处理过程抑制作用的研究

研究了在厌氧生物处理中同时存在铜、锌、镍和铬多种重金属离子时,其对厌氧生物过程的影响;考察了不同日加入金属总量与抑制程度的关系。当日加入总量低于２０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系无影响;在２０－３０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,产生轻微的抑制,高于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系产生明显的抑制作用。为维持厌氧生物过程正常动物运行,每ｇ污泥（干重）所承受的由每日进料引入体系的混合金属离子的总量应不超过０．６ｍｇ,厌氧体系中的溶解态金属总量     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS (Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

锡矿山锑矿区生态环境质量遥感动态监测与评价

该文利用相关性分析、回归建模确定最佳遥感生态指数(RSEI),对锡矿山锑矿区2002-2019年生态环境状况进行总体评价、时空分析及变化监测。结果表明:由第一主成分构建的RSEI最佳。2002-2019年研究区RSEI先降低后升高,生态环境质量呈先下降后好转的变化趋势;2002年矿区生态环境质量较差区域集中于中部采矿集中区,2008年进一步向四周扩张,2019年中部采矿集中区质量提升,总体生态环境改善。2002-2008年生态环境质量变差区域占65.550%,2008-2019年生态环境质量变好区域占77.683%。     

昆明城区大气污染物时空分布特征

利用2013—2020年昆明城区国控点监测数据,分析大气污染物时空分布特征。结果表明：2013—2020年昆明城区O₃年均浓度总体呈上升趋势,其余污染物年均浓度呈下降趋势,O₃增幅为4.1%,SO₂降幅为67.9%,其余污染物降幅为35.0%~55.0%。超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》一级以上标准的首要污染物天数占比显示,O₃已经代替PM_2.5成为昆明市最主要的大气污染物;O₃浓度春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低;PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度春、冬季高,夏季最低;SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,但SO₂和NO₂四季变化幅度较其他污染物小。春、夏季的O₃,冬、春季的PM_2.5是昆明市大气污染的防治的重点。O₃浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,CO、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度呈双峰型分布,但PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度峰谷变化不明显;NO₂、CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度峰值出现在早高峰时段,O₃浓度峰值出现在14:00—15:00,SO₂浓度上午高于下午。大气污染物浓度分布具有明显的空间差异性,SO₂、PM_2.5、NO₂、PM₁₀、CO浓度城区西部高于东部,分别高出54.5%、20.0%、17.9%、14.6%和2.4%,O₃浓度则相反,城区东部高于西部,高出9.0%;SO₂、NO₂、O₃浓度东部、西部差异呈逐年减小趋势,不排除上风向安宁工业园区污染传输影响变弱的可能性。

     

基于禀赋与压力的城市环境综合分区理论与方法研究

环境综合分区是城市环境总体规划的主要任务和落实资源合理利用与生态环境保护空间约束的重要手段.基于资源环境禀赋和压力的环境综合分区理论与方法,在生态功能分区和大气环境、水环境、水资源、土地资源分区基础上,提出城市环境综合分区二级区划方案,以大连市为例进行实证研究.根据综合分区方案,针对资源环境问题和发展现状,细化生态保护红线及产业空间准入线,引导城市资源利用与环境保护,更好地指导城市建设与产业发展.     

非点源污染河流水环境容量的不确定性分析

基于河流一维水环境容量计算模型和实测水文水质参数的统计分析,应用MonteCarlo模拟方法,分析模型各输入参数的灵敏度以及水环境容量值的概率分布,建立了非点源污染河流水环境容量的分期不确定性分析方法.本方法表达了由于获取的河流系统信息不确定性和非点源污染发生的随机性引起的水环境容量计算结果不确定性,给出了不同水文期在不同可信度下的河流水环境容量,为实现非点源污染的总量控制提供了可靠的基础.应用本方法,对长乐江的总氮水环境容量进行了不确定性分析.结果表明,根据水质控制目标,枯水期、平水期、丰水期中90%可信度的总氮水环境容量分别为487.9、949.8、1392.8kg·d-1,其中稀释容量是各水文期水环境容量的主要组成部分.据此,各水文期流域内的总氮现状入河量需削减1258.3～3591.2kg·d-1,丰水期是削减量最大的时期.不确定性分析方法计算得到的水环境容量是基于非点源污染河流水文水质状况的实际变化,这相对于按某一设计流量来确定水环境容量的常规方法更为科学、合理,拓展了水环境容量的研究思路和方法.     

上海市电子废物处理企业的环境管理实践

电子产品和家用电器的更新换代使得废弃电子电器成为城市新的污染源,危害着城市环境和人体健康。本文介绍了电子废弃物的定义、环境危害、回收利用价值及增长趋势,重点阐述了上海市废旧家电拆解企业的现状,并针对企业具体情况提出相应的管理对策。依法加强电子废物的环境管理,对促进循环经济的发展具有重要意义。