长株潭城市群经济社会发展与环境压力

长株潭城市群是湖南省的核心增长极,是"资源节约型社会、环境友好型社会"社会建设综合配套改革试验区,但伴随高速的工业化发展和城市化进程,长株潭面临着严峻的资源约束和环境压力。文章从土地利用格局、经济社会发展、环境质量状况、主要污染物排放和资源能源利用等方面入手,综合分析了长株潭城市群的环境压力,主要体现在长株潭城市群城市化与土地需求的矛盾凸显,"摊大饼"的扩张模式带来生态风险;重工业和污染排放集聚,累积性污染突出;环境空气质量和地表水环境质量形势不容乐观;资源能源利用方式粗放等。结合城市群区域规划,提出了长株潭城市群在新型城镇化建设中应采取的生态环境保护措施建议。     

案例—数据集成驱动的CI抗灾能力评估指标选择

关键基础设施（CI）是维持社会大系统正常运行的重要组成部分,是复杂的网络巨系统,而CI抗灾能力评估指标需具有系统性、客观性和一致性。案例驱动与数据驱动在能力评估指标选择中各有优势,亦相互支持。依靠案例驱动,可以把握历史经验,引导CI抗灾能力评估的情景设计及全局指标选择改进;借助数据驱动,可以发现潜在的微观指标,通过数据分析引导抗灾能力评估微观指标体系改进与完善。集成这2种评估驱动方法,提出CI抗灾能力评估指标选择的案例-数据集成驱动框架,并结合用例验证评估方法的有效性。     

Comparative study on the removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using three different packings

To improve the removal efficiency on hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a biofilter was developed and was made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. The effects of three different packings (i.e., packing A, packing B, and packing C), containing different proportions of activated carbon, sawdust, wormcast, perlite, and pig manure compost, based on different biofilter parameters on H₂S removal efficiency, were investigated. With the extension of running time, the H₂S removal rate of packing A reached up to 90.12%, that of packing B reached a peak at 92.96%, and that of packing C was highest at 87.21%. The contribution rate of each packing at the bottom of the device was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than that of other parts, and those of the top of the devices were all greater than those of the middle of the devices. The H₂S removal rate increased with greater filler layer height. The removal rate of group B increased first with humidity, and then declined, with the optimal humidity level for the removal of H₂S 50–65% in this study. With the prolongation of the run, the pH of packing A was reduced from 7.1 to 5.91, while the pH of packing B and C remained within the range of 6.53–7.10. An increase was found in the number of bacteria and fungi over time. The count of bacteria in packing B and C and following a decreasing order was bottom > middle > top, whereas that for fungi was the opposite. In conclusion, it is thought that packing B (comprising wormcast + sawdust + activated carbon) is more efficient in the removal of H₂S than the other packings and may thus be utilized in biofilters. These results hope to provide useful information for future related research on the removal efficiency of H₂S using packings.

Implications: Wormcasts use as biological filter packing to remove H₂S is limited and needs yet to be explored. A comparative study on the removal efficiency of H₂S using three packings showed the packings that included wormcast were more efficient than others, and showed the combined features of physical absorption and biological removal with long sustainability and good efficiency, although these were largely influenced by environmental factors and nutrient content for the microorganisms. In summary, wormcast could be utilized in biological filters in the future in related research beacuse of its good efficiency and low cost.     

长江经济带城市环境风险评价研究

为开展长江经济带城市环境风险评价,在明确环境风险评价的涵义及内容基础上,结合长江经济带城市的生态、经济、社会特点,依据环境风险理论,提出了城市环境风险评价指标体系。选取长江经济带地级以上城市为研究对象,利用空间自相关和热点分析等空间统计方法,展现环境风险的空间分布规律及集聚特征。研究发现长江经济带风险源危险性和受体敏感性的分布存在空间集聚,受体恢复性不存在显著的空间集聚;长三角为城市环境风险热点区域,冷点主要分布在重庆、湖南一带。因此,长江经济带城市需深入实施主要污染物减排、强化区域环境协作、建立和完善专项的环境风险动态评价平台和加强重点生态功能区环境保护。 关键词： 长江经济带;城市环境风险;环境风险评价;空间统计     

近50年金沙江各区段年径流量变化及分析

为深入探究不同自然地理条件下金沙江流域的径流特性,将屏山站以上区域分为6个区段,采用线性倾向估计、Spearman秩次相关检验、Mann Kendall检验、有序聚类分析、秩和检验等方法,分析了1960~2015年各区段径流序列,并结合流域的水文要素和人类活动情况讨论了影响径流量变化的因素。结果表明: 近50 a仅直门达以上区段和华弹-屏山区段径流变化在全时段有显著趋势,分别是上升和下降;但在近20 a中下游的石鼓-攀枝花、攀枝花-华弹、华弹-屏山区段均呈现明显的下降趋势。90年代后多个区段经历了突变。分析表明降水是近50 a来径流变化的主要驱动因素;其中石鼓站以上区段和雅砻江流域受降水影响最大。没有充足证据表明持续上升的气温对各区段径流量造成足够的影响。进入21世纪后,以水土保持措施为代表的人类活动是下游攀枝花-华弹、华弹-屏山区段径流减少的重要因素,但主导因素仍为降水。此外,雅砻江流域和华弹-屏山区段内大型水库投运前的初期蓄水对当年径流量有显著影响;蓄水后的水库蒸发及引水工程的损失对径流影响则相对较小。     

徐州市某水泥厂附近土壤中黑碳和有机质的磁学响应

以徐州某水泥厂附近土壤样品为例,分析了土壤中黑碳(BC)和有机质(OM)的含量,并研究了不同利用类型土壤中黑碳和有机质的磁学响应。结果表明,研究区域黑碳含量和有机质含量的平均值分别为12.35 g/kg和112.33 g/kg。林地样品的黑碳和有机质含量均与频率磁化率正相关,耕地样品的黑碳含量和有机质含量均与频率磁化率负相关,说明不同类型土壤中黑碳和有机质的来源不同,且人为活动对土壤理化性质影响较大。不同利用方式土壤的黑碳含量与磁化率(χ)、非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χARM)、软剩磁(SOFT)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)显著正相关;有机质含量和χ,SOFT,SIRM正相关,初步判断这些参数可以作为黑碳或有机质的代用指标。     

光伏出力的模糊区间预测

针对光伏输出功率的点预测精度不足、传统支持向量机(SVM)在参数优化方面存在的固有缺陷等问题,根据模糊信息粒化理论和纵横交叉算法,提出一种基于CSO-SVM和模糊信息粒化理论的光伏出力模糊区间预测方案。结果表明:该方案可以得到较好的点预测值及其置信区间,某种程度上解决了传统点预测结果的信息局限性。     

微塑料与农药污染的联合毒性作用研究进展

近海环境中的微塑料污染问题已成为全球性的环境问题,引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。微塑料不仅能够对生物造成物理损伤,而且塑料中的添加剂如邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚A、多溴二苯醚等也会随着塑料的风化而浸出进入环境,对生物产生毒害,同时,微塑料还能吸附海洋环境中的其他污染物,从而对生物产生联合毒性作用。本文综述了微塑料与持久性有机污染物的联合作用,结果表明聚苯乙烯微塑料能够吸附海水中的持久性有机污染物如多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药滴滴涕,从而可能导致这些污染物在海洋生物组织中富集,对人类健康存在直接或间接危害。最后本文在总结前人研究的基础上,对未来微塑料与农药污染联合毒性作用的研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

Physiological and biochemical responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Machilus ichangensis</Emphasis> Rehd. et Wils and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis> (Pilger) Rehd. to elevated O<Subscript>3</Subscript> in subtropical China

Considerable researches have documented the negative effects of ozone on woody species in North America and Europe; however, little is known about how woody tree species respond to elevated O₃ in subtropical China, and most of the previous studies were conducted using pot experiment. In the present study, Machilus ichangensis Rehd. et Wils (M. ichangensis) and Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. (T. chinensis), evergreen tree species in subtropical China, were exposed to non-filtered air (NF), 100 nmol mol^?1 O₃ (E1) and 150 nmol mol^?1 O₃ (E2), in open-top chambers under field conditions from 21st March to 2nd November 2015. In this study, O₃ fumigation significantly reduced net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in M. ichangensis in the three measurements and in T. chinensis in the last measurement. Also, non-stomatal factors should be primarily responsible for the decreased Pn. O₃ fumigation-induced increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reduced ascorbic acid levels indicated that antioxidant defense mechanism had been stimulated to prevent O₃ stress and repair the oxidative damage. Yet, the increase of antioxidant ability was not enough to counteract the harm of O₃ fumigation. Because of the decrease in CO₂ assimilation, the growth of the two tree species was restrained ultimately. The sensitivity of the two tree species to O₃ can be determined: M. ichangensis > T. chinensis. It suggests a close link between the rising O₃ concentrations and the health risk of some tree species in subtropics in the near future.     

环境试验过程中产品防护的几点要点探讨

环境试验作为考核产品相关性能的技术手段,保护产品自身的安全性则需要试验室付出更多的努力。本文主要从三个方面对产品防护进行了论述,分别为:试验过程品质防护、产品试验阶段多余物防控和产品静电防护的三大论块。分别论述了相关论块对产品的危害,并提出了一些试验过程的防护建议。