Equity Concerns over Climate Change Mitigation

As a complicated concept with ethical implications, equity or fairness in the field of climate change mitigation concerns the relations not only between individual human beings but also between human beings and the nature. In this paper, after the review of equity between individuals, market and non-market attributes of emissions rights are distinguished and discussed. Based on the argument of equal per capita emissions rights, three types of emissions rights and the concept of minimum emissions rights as social security are proposed.     

Theoretical study on the formation mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes/thianthrenes from 2-chlorothiophenol molecules

Homogeneous formation of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes/thianthrenes(PCDT/TAs),sulfurated compounds analogous to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs), has been well-documented to occur via radical–radical coupling reactions from chlorinated thiophenol precursors. However, the current understanding of the formation mechanism of PCDT/TAs is exclusively limited to the inherent point of view that chlorothiophenoxy radicals act as the only required intermediates for PCDT/TAs. This study investigates reaction pathways for the formation of PCDT/TAs involving two new types of radical species, i.e., substituted phenyl radicals and substituted thiophenoxyl diradicals. Taking 2-chlorothiophenol(2-CTP) as a model compound for chlorothiophenols,we found that apart from the mostly discussed chlorothiophenoxy radicals, substituted phenyl radicals and substituted thiophenoxyl diradicals could also be readily formed via the reaction of 2-CTP with H radicals. Furthermore, direct self-and cross-coupling of these radicals can result in the formation of PCDT/TAs, including 1-monochlorothianthrene(1-MCTA), 1,6-dichlorothianthrene(1,6-DCTA), 4,6-dichlorodibenzothiophene(4,6-DCDT)and 1,6-dichlorodibenzothiophene(1,6-DCDT). The pathways proposed in this work are proven to be both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable. Particularly, comparisons were made between the formation mechanisms of sulfurated and oxygenated dioxin systems from an energetic point view, showing that replacing oxygen with sulfur atoms greatly reduces the activation barriers of the rate-controlling steps involved in the PCDT/TA formation processes compared with those involved for PCDD/Fs. The calculated results in this work may improve our understanding of the formation mechanism of PCDT/TAs from chlorothiophenol precursors and should be informative to environmental scientists.     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量,并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间,氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响,在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大,水库内垂直分布也较均一;7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势,分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体,说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅;在垂直剖面上,0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加,30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大,这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants

Much research on the health effects of outdoor air pollution has been published in the last decade. The goal of this review is to concisely summarize a wide range of the recent research on health effects of many types of outdoor air pollution. A review of the health effects of major outdoor air pollutants including particulates, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, acid gases, metals, volatile organics, solvents, pesticides, radiation and bioaerosols is presented. Numerous studies have linked atmospheric pollutants to many types of health problems of many body systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, immunological, hematological, neurological and reproductive/ developmental systems. Some studies have found increases in respiratory and cardiovascular problems at outdoor pollutant levels well below standards set by such agencies as the US EPA and WHO. Air pollution is associated with large increases in medical expenses, morbidity and is estimated to cause about 800,000 annual premature deaths worldwide [Cohen, A.J., Ross Alexander, H., Ostro, B., Pandey, K.D., Kryzanowski, M., Kunzail, N., et al., 2005. The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 68: 1-7.]. Further research on the health effects of air pollution and air pollutant abatement methods should be very helpful to physicians, public health officials, industrialists, politicians and the general public.     

济南市背景区域大气PM2.5污染特征及其对能见度的影响

为研究背景地区大气PM_(2. 5)化学组分季节变化特征及对能见度的影响,本研究于2016年春、夏、秋、冬在济南市七星台采集大气PM_(2. 5)样品,分析其中水溶性离子组分及OC、EC的污染特征并研究其区域传输贡献.结果表明,NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-三者之和占年均离子总浓度的90. 24%,二次生成的水溶性无机离子污染较为严重. NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)呈现出明显的冬高夏低的季节性变化特征.各季节的SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+主要以(NH4)2SO4结合的形式存在. SOC/OC的范围是21. 17%～54. 21%,表明该地区存在较为严重的二次有机污染.四季SOR值均大于0. 1,显示本区域四季均有SO_4~(2-)的二次生成,四季NOR的值均高于SOR,可知NO2的二次转化强于SO2的二次转化.大气消光系数(Bext)的范围是172. 68～320. 61 Mm-1,年均值为256. 48Mm-1,大气消光系数呈现明显的夏低冬高的季节性趋势.后推气流轨迹显示七星台地区春、夏季主要受长距离传输和海洋源的影响,秋、冬季主要受局地源的影响.对比2008年济南市大气PM_(2. 5)污染特征研究,结果显示机动车对大气环境影响显著提升.     

Organochlorine pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in the blood of chemically sensitive patients [corrected]. A statistical comparison with therapeutic medication and natural hormones

The blood levels of organochlorine pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents were measured in 200 and 114 chemically sensitive patients respectively, and compared with blood concentrations of standard medication (non- chlorinated substances. Clonidine, Haloperidol) of comparable toxicity after therapeutically effective dosage, and with reference levels of highly potent chemicals in the blood such as hormones. It was shown that the average blood levels of the most toxic environmental pollutants are comparable with the therapeutic steady state average blood levels of medications which have similar toxicities in the animal model. In addition the toxicity levels of xenoestrogens are at least an order of magnitude higher than normal plasma estrogen or progesterone levels. These findings suggest the possibility of additive or synergistic effects of these chlorinated compounds and the aforementioned medications. Also, these findings suggest the possibility of hormone deregulation from exposure to the aforementioned toxic chlorinated compounds.     

改性石墨毡电极对浓差电池协同处理电镀污泥和盐酸酸洗废液效果的影响探究

采用单纯加热处理、单纯丙酮浸泡处理以及加热+丙酮浸泡全处理等3种方式对石墨毡电极进行改性.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对改性前后的石墨毡电极进行表征分析,并构建相应浓差电池协同处理电镀污泥和盐酸酸洗废液,考察浓差电池电化学性能及重金属去除能力.结果表明,加热+丙酮浸泡全处理相比单一处理,改性...     

Relationship between exposure of alkylphenols in serum of pregnant women during early pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Alkylphenols are a type of endocrine disruptors, which are commonly found in personal care products, food, and water and are more harmful to the human...     

An investigation on the promoting effect of Pr modification on SO2 resistance over MnOx catalysts for selective reduction of NO with NH3

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pr-modified MnOx catalyst was synthesized through a facile co-precipitation process, and the results showed that MnPrOx catalyst exhibited much better...