新型除磷混凝剂的研制与应用＊

实验以处理金属表面所产生的磷化废水为研究对象,系统地分析了在新型混凝剂的使用过程中,pH值、温度、石灰投入量、沉降时间、助剂A等因素对脱磷效果的影响。结果表明,含磷量为18mg/L、COD为300mg/L、SS为150mg/L、pH值为5.7～6.5的废水,石灰投入量为300mg/L、沉降时间为10min左右、温度为25℃、pH值调节至9.0、加入5mL助剂A处理后,废水中磷含量为0.25～0.35mg/L、COD为80mg/L、SS为60mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准。     

Theoretical study on the chemical properties of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ levels were performed to obtain the equilibrium structures, thermodynamic properties, and electron affinities (EA) of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in the gas phase. All congeners except for those of symmetric BDE are found to have two or more conformational isomers. The optimized geometries of the most stable conformational isomers are in agreement with recently published X-ray crystallographic data. The thermodynamic properties of the congeners with a given number of bromine substitutions are strongly dependent on the substitution pattern, whereas the EA values also depend on the number of bromine substitutions. The vertical electron affinities (EA(Ver)) calculated for the selected BDE congeners at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level are all positive except for di-BDEs, and are correlated with the initial reductive debromination rate constants obtained recently [Keum, Y.-S., Li, Q.X., 2005. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zerovalent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2280]. All adiabatic electron affinities (EA(Ada)) are positive, and suggest that the BDE congeners act as electron acceptors when reacting with receptors in living cells. The calculated EA(Ada) values differ considerably from those of EA(Ver) because of the large geometrical relaxation from the neutral to the anionic BDE congeners, highlighted by the lengthening of a C-Br bond. The elongated C-Br bond, which occurs at the alpha position, is directly involved in the debromination of n-bromodiphenyl to (n-1)-bromodiphenyl ethers in the reductive debromination experiments.     

Pedological characteristics of Mn mine tailings and metal accumulation by native plants

In southern China revegetation and ecological restoration of many abandoned Mn tailings has become a major concern. To determine the major constraints for plant establishment and evaluate the feasibility of remediation, a comparative study was conducted on Mn tailings and rhizosphere soils at the boundary of the tailings pond. Both tailings and rhizosphere soils had neutral to slightly alkaline pH and normal electrical conductivity. They were both enriched with organic matter (6.8-9.2%), total N (1.77-5.94 g kg(-1)), available P (41.78-73.83 mg kg(-1)) and K (146.7-906.9 mg kg(-1)), suggesting the tailings were a nutrient rich substrate for revegetation. Mn tailings were clay textured, while rhizosphere soils were silty loam or clay loam. The compaction and anoxic nature of Mn tailings were considered to be the major constraints for plant establishment. Total Mn (31903 mg kg(-1)), Cd (119 mg kg(-1)), Cu (126 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (2490 mg kg(-1)) in tailings were all at phytotoxic levels, but did not differ significantly from those in rhizosphere soils. In both tailings and rhizosphere soils, percentages of water- and DTPA-extractable metals were less than 1% and 2% of the total metal pools, respectively. Sequential extraction revealed that the majority of Mn, Cu and Zn were associated with the residual fraction, while the majority of Cd occurred as Fe-Mn oxides. The natural succession of plants around Mn tailings formed a distinctive metal-tolerant plant community, mainly comprising nine species such as Cynodon dactylon and Humulus scandens and so on. All species studied could be good candidates for revegetation of Mn tailings.     

Predicting organic contaminant concentrations in sediment porewater using solid-phase microextraction

Because of its cost and time saving features, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a leading candidate as a biomimic technique in assessing the bioavailable fraction of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment porewater. However, no predictive modeling framework in which to systematically address the effect of key parameters on SPME performance for this application exists. In this study, we derived two governing equations to predict (1) the minimum sediment volume (V(s)min) required to achieve non-depletive conditions, and (2) dissolved phase HOC porewater concentrations (C(pw)) as functions of HOC- and sediment specific characteristics in a conceptual three compartment system. The resulting model predicted that V(s)min was independent of HOC concentrations both in sediment and porewater, but did vary with hydrophobicity (characterized by logK(ow)), the fraction of sediment porewater (f(pw)), and the volume (V(f)) of the SPME sorbent phase. Moreover, the effects of these parameters were minimized (i.e., V(s)min reached plateaus) as logK(ow) approached 4-5. Model predictions of C(pw), a surrogate for SPME-based detection limits in porewater, decreased with increasing sediment volume (V(s)) at low V(s) values, but rapidly leveled off as V(s) increased. A third result suggested that the sediment HOC concentration required for SPME is completely independent of K(ow). These results suggest that relatively small sediment volumes participate in exchange equilibria among sediment, porewater and the SPME fiber, and that large sediment HOC reservoirs are not needed to improve the detection sensitivity of SPME-based porewater samplers. The ultimate utility of this modeling framework will be to assist future experimental designs and help predict in situ bioavailability of sediment-associated HOCs.     

Occurrence of organic contaminants in sewage sludges from eleven wastewater treatment plants, China

This study presents the occurrence of 43 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) listed as priority pollutants by both China and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, in sewage sludges collected from eleven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of mainland and Hong Kong, China. Thirty-six SVOCs were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and at least 14 in each sample. The most abundant compounds were phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with total concentrations ranging from 10 to 114mgkg(-1) dry weight (d.w.) (with a mean of 30mgkg(-1) d.w.) and from 1.4 to 33mgkg(-1)d.w. (with a mean of 16mgkg(-1) d.w.), respectively, followed by chlorobenzenes, nitroaromatics, haloethers and halogenated hydrocarbons which occurred generally at concentrations lower than 10mgkg(-1) d.w. Large variations were observed between the concentrations of individual compounds as well as their total concentrations in sludge samples from different WWTPs. The highest values of sum concentration of 16 PAHs and of 6 PAEs were found in sewage sludge from Beijing. The mean total concentration of each class of SVOCs in sewage sludge from mainland was remarkably higher than that from Hong Kong. The concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in 91% sludge samples met the limit (100mgkg(-1)d.w.) proposed by the Europe Union for land application, whereas the PAH concentrations of 64% sludge samples exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (6.0mgkg(-1)d.w.). The occurrence of SVOCs in this study are compared with other studies and their sources are discussed.     

The influence of storage on the morphology and physiology of phthalic acid-degrading aerobic granules

The precultured aerobic granules with special degradabilities could be used as a feasible bioseed for enhancement of aerobic granulation systems. In practice, the storage stability, physicochemical characteristics, and recovering efficiency of granules are crucial for a long-distance transportation and successful application. In this study, phthalic acid (PA)-degrading aerobic granules were cultivated and stored for 8 wk at 4 °C. The granular size, settling ability as well as structure integrity was found stable during the storage period. It was observed that the upper 1/3 part of granules stored in the reagent bottle turned to black color, while the lower 2/3 part granules did not significantly change color (brown–yellow) after the 8-wk storage. The black and brown–yellow color PA-degrading granules were manually separated and re-inoculated into two identical sequencing batch reactors for reviving the PA degradation capability. After a 7 d operation, both black and yellow granules restored their activities to the levels before storage, in terms of total organic carbon removal efficiency (100%), specific oxygen uptake rate (59 mg g VSS⁻¹ h⁻¹), and adenosine triphosphate content (0.016 mg g VSS⁻¹). This study demonstrated that aerobic granules grown on a complex substrate could tolerate storage conditions and rapidly restored their bioactivities toward the target pollutant. The results also shed the light on the future application of precultured aerobic granules with unique functions for biodegradation and bioremediation purpose.     

新型湿法除尘除有害气体斜板塔的流场分析

研究对象为2种新型湿法除尘除有害气体的斜板塔:矩形斜板塔和伞罩形斜板塔.为了观察塔内流场分布规律,运用CFD(计算流体力学)软件,气相采用标准K-ε湍流模型描述,液相采用颗粒轨道模型描述,对2种新型塔内气液两相流动进行了数值模拟.预测了无喷淋和有喷淋两种情况下的气相湍流流场,不同空塔气速不同液气比的塔内压力损失.结果表明:采用中心出口的圆柱型塔可以有效地避免气体"死区"的产生;新型斜板塔能有效地增大气液接触面积,延长气体的塔内停留时间;加入喷淋液体以后,气相流场明显均匀化.该模拟也为塔体的进一步优化设计提供了依据.     

pH值和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化影响的研究

利用序批式反应器中长期驯化好的以亚硝酸盐为主要基质的纯种污泥,做锥形瓶实验,分别研究pH和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化的影响。结果表明,亚硝酸型反硝化适宜的pH范围在7.7～8.6,最佳pH值在8.2左右;碳氮比（C/N）大于1.94,可实现连续稳定的脱氮效果,起始亚硝氮比基质降解速率随C/N的增加而增加,大于3.11速率几乎不再增加,通过动力学分析,得出该实验条件下C/N的饱和常数Ks为9.36。