抗高温环保钻井液体系研究

文章选择清洁环保的钻井液处理剂进行抗高温钻井液体系实验研究与评价,对包被增粘剂、降失水剂等进行优选,对抗高温环保钻井液配方进行评价,研究出无毒、无害,抗温能力强、流变性好,失水较低的钻井液体系,现场应用满足高温深井的钻井生产要求。     

Monoclonal antibody-based broad-specificity immunoassay for monitoring organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples

The development of easy-to-use and rapid-monitoring immunoassay methods for organic environmental pollutants in a class-selective manner is a topic of considerable environmental interest. In this work, a heterologous competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb) with broad-specificity for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) was applied to the detection of O,O-diethyl and O,O-dimethyl OPs in water samples. The ciELISA conditions were carefully optimized to obtain a three to five-fold improvement of sensitivity for most OPs, and thirteen OPs were determined at concentrations ranging from 0.017 to 30 ng mL(-1). The determination of spiked environmental water samples showed average recoveries from 81.5% to 115.1%, with the coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 6.1% to 20.9%, which showed satisfactory reproducibility of the developed ciELISA. To overcome the negative aspect of broad-specificity immunoassays not providing qualitative and quantitative analysis of individual OPs in blind samples, we used "percent inhibition rate" to make the developed ciELISA a semi-quantitative method, which allows the monitoring of positive samples from hundreds of negative samples. The determination of OPs in blind water samples by the developed ELISA with confirmation by HPLC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated that the assay is ideally suited as a screening method for OP residues prior to chromatographic analysis.     

Distribution, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in drinking water sources within the Pearl River Delta

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region is one of the most population-dense areas in China. The safety of its drinking source water is essential to human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted attention from the scientific community and the general public due to their toxicity and wide distribution in the global environment. In this work, PAHs pollution levels from the drinking source water in nine main cities within the PRD were investigated. ∑15 PAHs concentrations during the wet season varied from 32.0 to 754.8 ng L(-1) in the dissolved phase, and from 13.4 to 3017.8 ng L(-1) in the particulate phase. During the dry season, dissolved PAHs ranged from 48.1 to 113.6 ng L(-1), and particulate PAHs from 8.6 to 69.6 ng L(-1). Overall, ∑15 PAHs concentrations were extremely high in the XC and ZHQ stations during the wet season in 2008 and 2009. In most sites, PAHs originated from mixed sources. Hazard ratios based on non-cancerous and cancerous risks were extremely higher in XC compared with the others during the wet season, though they were much less than 1. Nevertheless, risks caused by the combined toxicity of ∑15 PAHs and other organics should be seriously considered. PAHs toxic equivalent quantities ranged from 0.508 to 177.077 ng L(-1).     

氨氮胁迫下罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）机体免疫力的变化及其对海豚链球菌易感性的影响

研究了不同作用时间（0、24、48、96和120 h）下不同质量浓度氨氮（对照组、1、3、5和10 mg·L-1）对罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）血清SOD、AKP、溶菌酶和补体C3活性的影响,以及不同质量浓度氨氮（对照组、1、3、5和10 mg·L-1）胁迫下罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的易感性。结果显示：在1.0 mg·L-1氨氮质量浓度下,罗非鱼血清SOD活性在24 h受到诱导;在3.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1氨氮质量浓度下,罗非鱼血清SOD活性均受到抑制,最大抑制率分别达18.85%、23.47%和38.46%。在1.0 mg·L-1氨氮质量浓度下,罗非鱼血清AKP活性在0-96 h呈先降低后恢复的趋势;5.0和10.0 mg·L-1实验组的血清AKP活性在24-120 h则一直受到抑制。1.0 mg·L-1实验组的罗非鱼血清溶菌酶活性在24-120 h一直无显著变化,3.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1实验组的血清溶菌酶活性随着氨氮质量浓度的升高而降低。1.0 mg·L-1实验组的罗非鱼血清补体C3活性在各个采样时间下均大于对照组,而5.0和10.0 mg·L-1实验组补体C3活性始终受到抑制。罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的易感性实验研究显示,置于3.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1的罗非鱼的累积死亡率分别为43.33%、46.67%和63.33%,显著高于对照组和1.0 mg·L-1实验组,表明氨氮质量浓度超过3.0 mg·L-1能够增加罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的易感性。本实验认为,超过3 mg·L-1的氨氮质量浓度胁迫能够显著降低罗非鱼的免疫力,增加对海豚链球菌的易感性。因此在罗非鱼健康养殖中,调控并降低氨氮质量浓度非常重要。     

Experimental study of the effect of nitrogen addition on gas explosion

Flame propagation and combustion characteristics of methane/air mixed gas in gas explosion were studied in a constant volume combustion bomb. Stretched flame propagation velocity, unstretched laminar flame propagation velocity, unstretched laminar combustion velocity and Markstein length were obtained at various ratios of nitrogen to gas mixture. Combustion stability at various ratios of nitrogen to gas mixture was analyzed by analyzing the pictures of flame propagation. Furthermore, the effect of initial pressure on the flame propagation and combustion characteristics of methane/air mixed gas in gas explosion was analyzed. The results show that the unstretched laminar flame propagation velocity, the unstretched laminar combustion velocity, Markstein length, flame stability, and the maximum combustion pressure decrease distinctly with the increase of nitrogen fraction in the gas mixture. At the same ratios of nitrogen to gas mixture, Markstein length, unstretched laminar flame propagation velocity and unstretched laminar combustion velocity decrease and the maximum combustion pressure increase with the increase of initial pressure of the gas mixture. When nitrogen fraction in the gas mixture is over 20%, the flame will be unstable and is easy to exterminate.     

Policy,Institutional and Market Barriers to the Implementation of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) in China

China is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world, with potentially about two thirds of total Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for Asia on the world carbon market (). Since 68% of its primary energy is from coal, China's average energy intensity is 7.5 times higher than the EU and 4.3 times higher than the US (EU, 2003 The European Union on-line. (2003). (http://europa.eu.int/index_ns_en.htm accessed Oct 2003  [Google Scholar]). Therefore, introducing advanced clean technologies and management to China represents opportunities for Annex I countries to obtain low-cost CERs through CDM projects, and access to one of the largest potential energy conservation markets in the world.

CDM can provide a win-win solution for both China and Annex I countries, and the Chinese government considers that the introduction of CDM projects can bring advanced energy technologies and foreign investment to China, thereby helping China's sustainable economy and generating CERs. As energy efficiency is generally low and carbon intensity is high in both China's energy supply and demand sectors, numerous options exist for cost-effective energy conservation and GHG mitigation with CDM.

This paper reviews current Chinese policies and administrative and institutional settings for CDM cooperation, and discusses existing policy, institutional and other barriers in the energy market by drawing on observations and experience from previous initiatives such as Cleaner Production and energy efficiency. Some options to remove these barriers are addressed. In order to make CDM projects feasible, China's government needs to promote awareness, streamline administrative systems, and be more active in building a competitive edge in the world carbon market.     

磁性纳米γ-Fe2O3/SiO2去除水中亚甲基蓝

以纳米γ-Fe₂O₃为磁性介质制备了磁性纳米γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂,并将其用于水中亚甲基蓝的吸附。表征结果显示：制备的γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂呈不规则核壳结构,平均粒径为38 nm,比表面积为74.35 m²/g,比饱和磁化强度为55 A·m²/kg。实验结果表明：γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂对亚甲基蓝的吸附适宜在中碱性条件下进行,4 h即可达吸附平衡;在初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为180 mg/L、γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂加入量为2 g/L、初始溶液pH为7.0、吸附温度为298 K的条件下,吸附量最高为25.4 mg/g;共存金属离子会降低吸附效率,而少量的腐殖酸则会促进吸附;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散不是唯一的控速步骤;等温吸附满足Langmuir模型,该吸附是一个物理吸附过程;用乙醇洗涤的γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂重复使用4次时仍能保持约80%的原吸附量。     

氧化石墨烯负载纳米零价铁的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用液相还原法制备氧化石墨烯负载纳米零价铁吸附剂(Fe0/GO),并用于吸附去除溶液中的亚甲基蓝(MB)。考察了溶液p H、吸附温度、吸附时间、初始MB质量浓度对Fe0/GO吸附MB的影响。SEM等表征结果显示:Fe0以球形或短链形负载在GO上,增加了材料的反应活性位点;Fe0/GO的比表面积为158.32 m2/g,等电点为3。实验结果表明:在溶液p H为6、吸附时间5 h、吸附温度25℃的最佳条件下,加入400 mg/L的Fe0/GO,处理初始MB质量浓度为160 mg/L的MB溶液,MB去除率为89.26%,吸附量为125.5 mg/g;Langmuir等温吸附方程和Frenudlich等温吸附方程均能较好地描述Fe0/GO对MB的吸附过程;Fe0/GO对MB的吸附行为遵循准二级动力学方程;计算得出吸附温度为25℃、初始MB质量浓度为160 mg/L时的饱和吸附量为201.2 mg/g,平衡吸附量为124.3 mg/g。     

Occurrence and human dietary assessment of sulfonamide antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake,China

As the most important fishery medicines, sulfonamides are widely used to prevent diseases caused by pathogens in aquaculture. However, relatively little is known about the residues and dietary risks associated with cultured fish around Tai Lake. In the present study, a sampling strategy for a complete aquaculture period was conducted. Specifically, 12 selected sulfonamide antibiotics were measured among 116 fish samples recruited from four sampling periods, four species, four areas, and 18 fish ponds. All 12 antibiotics were detected at detection frequencies of 4.31–28.45%. Total sulfonamides were detected in 77.59% of the fish samples, with 57.76% of fish samples containing from 0.1 to 10 μg kg^?1. Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SDD), and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were the main types of antibiotics used, and these were present at high concentrations (>100 μg kg^?1) with high occurrences, especially in the middle of the aquaculture season. Dietary assessment showed that residual antibiotics in all fish that were being sent to market were far below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of total sulfonamides and that there was almost no risk associated with fish consumption. The results of the present study will facilitate development of effective measures to produce safe aquatic products and meaningful suggestions for consuming aquatic products.     

5种不同晶型的纳米二氧化钛对金属铜生物积累的影响

纳米二氧化钛(nTiO_2)作为一种具有独特物理化学性质的纳米材料被广泛应用。然而,在生产、使用的过程中,nTiO_2会不可避免地进入于水环境中。重金属是水体中常见的污染物之一,nTiO_2进入水体后是否会与水体中的重金属发生相互作用,进而影响重金属的生物积累,目前相关报道还很少。本论文以大型溞为模式生物,考察了5种不同晶型nTiO_2对常见的重金属铜生物积累影响。结果表明,nTiO_2对Cu2+的吸附降低了试验液中Cu2+浓度。但5种不同晶型nTiO_2的吸附能力并不一样,其中锐钛矿晶型(A-S)的吸附能力最高,这可能是由于结构缺陷和表面羟基的存在,为Cu2+提供了更多的结合位点,从而提高了A-S的吸附能力。nTiO_2的存在降低了金属铜在大型溞体内的积累,这可能是由于nTiO_2对金属铜的吸附,降低了自由Cu2+的生物可利用性。由于nTiO_2样品之间比表面积的差异,不同晶型之间单位nTiO_2引起的铜积累有显著性差异性(P0.05),其中锐钛矿和金红石之比为4:1混合晶型(M1)最高,A-S最低。