Oxidative stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gill experimentally exposed to subchronic microcystin-LR

The worldwide occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms makes it necessary to perform environmental risk assessment procedures to monitor the effects of microcytins on fish. Oxidative stress biomarkers are valuable tools in this regard. Considering that zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a common model species in fish toxicology and the zebrafish gill is potentially useful in screening waterborne pollutants, this study investigated the oxidative stress response in zebrafish gill exposed to subchronic microcystin-LR (MCLR) concentrations (2 or 20?μg/l) via measurement of toxin accumulation, protein phosphatase (PP) activity, and the antioxidant parameters (glutathione-S-transferase-GST; glutathione-GSH; superoxide dismutase-SOD; catalase-CAT; glutathione peroxide-GPx; glutathione reductase-GR), as well as levels of hydroxyl radical (OH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results showed that after 30?days exposure, MCLR accumulated in zebrafish gill and MCLR exposure induced PP activity in gill. A linear inhibition of GST activity and GSH content was observed in the gills, revealing that they were involved in the first step of MCLR detoxification. The 2?μg/l MCLR treatment neglectably affected OH content and the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR), however oxidative stress was induced under the 20?μg/l MCLR treatment in which an enhanced OH content and alterations of the antioxidant enzymes were observed in the treated gills, although both treatments exerted little effect on LPO level. The principal component analysis results indicated that the most sensitive biomarkers of MCLR exposure were GST and GSH in zebrafish gill. So, D. rerio could be regarded as a suitable bioindicator of MCLR exposure by measuring CAT, GR, GST, and GSH as biomarkers.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments from the western and southern catchments of the Bohai Sea, China: toxicity assessment and source identification

The concentration, distribution, and origin of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in river sediments from the western and southern catchments of the Bohai Sea, China. A toxicity assessment of 28 sediment samples collected from 15 main rivers was conducted by utilizing threshold and probable effect concentrations (TEC and PEC, respectively) derived from consensus-based sediment quality guidelines. The concentrations of total PAHs (∑PAH₁₆) ranged from 0.14 to 10,757 μg/kg dry weight (mean?=?1,368.6 μg/kg). The high concentrations of PAHs found in Binhai New Area of Tianjin and Binzhou City are likely the result of rapid population and heavy industry growth, resulting in elevated point and nonpoint source inputs of PAHs. Of the samples collected, samples 1 and 10 (7.1 % of the total) were categorized as toxic since some of the PAH concentrations exceeded the corresponding PECs. Twenty samples were classified as nontoxic, with both the individual PAH and the∑PAH₁₆ concentrations falling below the corresponding TECs. Analyses of selected PAH isomer ratios aided in the identification of PAH origins, allowing for a discrimination between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Spatial variability confirmed source heterogeneity within the study area. The most significant PAH-associated contamination was found in the Beitang River and Ji Canal, which are located in Binhai New Area. The magnitude of contamination and the likelihood of an ongoing influx of PAHs support the need for a better understanding of pollution sources and methods for both control and sediment restoration.     

Risk assessment and monitoring of dinotefuran and its metabolites for Chinese consumption of apples

Residues of dinotefuran and its metabolites, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)urea (UF) and 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)guanidine (DN), in apple were investigated using a “QuEChERS” (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) pretreatment and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apples were 0.011–0.960 and 0.037–3.200 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apple ranged from 70.0 to 83.6% with relative standard deviations less than 13%. A formulation of 20% water-dispersible dinotefuran granules was sprayed at 1–1.5-fold the recommended dose 3–4 times on apple trees. Total terminal residues of dinotefuran in apple were less than 2 mg/kg, which is the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Japan. When following the recommended application guidelines, dinotefuran is unlikely to present significant health concerns to the Chinese population because the risk quotient (RQ) is less than 100%. This work could provide guidance for the safe use of dinotefuran and serve as a reference for the establishment of a maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in apple in China.     

废水处理设施运转情况调查分析

通过对我区废水处理设施运转情况的调查分析,得出废水处理设施运转效率低是由于设计水平低,施工质量差,设备管理不善及领导不重视等原因所致。     

高效降氰菌群的构建及降解特性

从筛选到的降氰菌中构建出了优于单一菌种降氰活性的复配菌群CNR.研究了该复合菌群的生长条件,探讨了温度、pH、接种量、氰化物初始浓度及降解时间等因素对CNR降氰的影响.研究表明,复配菌群CNR适应碱性环境,可降解高浓度氰化物(CN-11 000 mg/L),并对金属氰化物和脂肪族腈具有极强的降解能力.在有氧、pH 11、33 ℃和接种量10%条件下.含CN-11 000 ng/L培养液经60 h降解后,CN-1浓度降为0.49 mg/L,降氰率高达99.96%,达到国家一级排放标准.     

粉煤灰加气混凝土颗粒曝气生物滤池处理污水试验研究

在不同气水比、水力负荷条件下,应用粉煤灰加气混凝土颗粒曝气生物滤柱进行生活污水试验,结果表明,粉煤灰加气混凝土颗粒填料表面更易于形成硝化菌生物膜;兼顾处理效率与运行经济的最佳组合的气水比为2,水力负荷为30.72 m3/(m2·d).有机负荷保持在8.04～10.08 kg COD/(m3·d)之间,COD和NH3-N平均去除率分别达到74.2%和92%,出水COD、NH3-N平均浓度分别在60 mg/L和1 mg/L,达到GB18918-2002一级A标准,粉煤灰加气混凝土颗粒可以应用于曝气生物滤池处理污水工艺.     

灭菌预处理污泥及其滤液产氢发酵的比较研究

剩余污泥中的固态物质包含大量的蛋白质和多聚糖等有机质,一直被认为是一种具有潜力的生物制氢原料。灭菌预处理的剩余污泥会释放出大量的有机质,真空抽滤后去除掉污泥中固态物质得到滤液。将预处理污泥与滤液分别作为底物,接种产氢菌Pseudomonas sp. GZ1后产氢发酵。测定2种不同底物发酵反应过程中氢气的产量,以及底物的变化（SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、总糖、pH值）。实验结果表明,利用预处理后的污泥滤液作为底物能够有效提高氢气产量。滤液发酵的产氢量达到了4.44 mg H₂/g COD,比预处理污泥直接发酵提高了近3.3倍。本实验证明污泥中的固态物质在发酵过程中能释放出更多的营养物质,但实际上并不能被产氢菌有效地利用产生更多的氢气,并对其原因进行了探讨。     

钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究进展与趋势

火灾高温对钢筋混凝土结构材性有显著影响,极易造成结构损伤、破坏甚至倒塌。在大量阅读国内外文献的基础上,从建筑火灾发展过程研究、钢筋混凝土结构在火灾中的行为研究、钢筋混凝土结构抗火设计方法的研究、火灾后钢筋混凝土结构的损伤评估和加固方法的研究等4个方面对钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究进行了论述;总结了目前国内外钢筋混凝土结构抗火研究的主要进展及成果;指出了结构抗火研究尚存在的一些问题;最后,对结构抗火研究趋势进行了展望。     

珠三角地区冬季大气细颗粒物理化特性与成因

基于珠三角大气超级站2013年11月29日-12月17日大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度、主要水溶性离子组分及其重要气态前体物等参数的在线监测结果,揭示了当地冬季大气细颗粒物的理化特性,及细颗粒物二次组分与其气态前体物的相互作用规律,并结合同期南岭背景站PM2.5监测结果,评估长距离输送对珠三角PM2.5污染的影响。观测期间,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的平均浓度分别为24.7、17.3和16.0μg/m3,占PM2.5中的平均比例之和为64.3%,说明二次转化是珠三角冬季细颗粒物的重要来源。珠三角冬季大气气态NH3平均浓度为13.1μg/m3,具有足量气态NH3以中和硫酸盐和硝酸盐;大气环境有利于NH4NO3的生成与存在,甚至可以导致NO3-迅速生成,使其浓度高于SO42-。不利气象条件下,污染物累积与转化是冬季PM2.5污染的主要成因,个别时段长距离输送的影响显著。     

小麦－玉米轮作期土壤排放N2O通量及总量估算

对小麦-玉米轮作期周年的N₂O通量进行了测定和总量估算,分析了N₂O通量与土壤温度、地温、气温、降水和施氮量的关系。由实验获知,华北平原栾城农业生态系统实验站的农田N₂O通量(N)为10.6-24.2μg/(m²·h),相应的全年排放总量(N)为0.93-2.11kg(hm²·a)。施用尿素的农田排放N₂O量约占化肥施用量的0.54%,施用有机肥和化肥的农田排放N₂O量占总施氮量的0.70%。