哈尔滨市水资源基本情况及开发利用现状

以水资源可持续利用支撑经济社会可持续发展为核心,坚持全面规划,统筹兼顾,综合治理原则,紧密结合哈尔滨市水资源具体特点,通过对水资源开发利用现状调查与评价,对经济社会发展过程中中远期各阶段进行需水预测,对水环境治理、城市供水、城市排水和污水处理等方面进行规划,提出哈尔滨市水资源可持续开发利用与保护的对策,强调了水资源的节...     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h⁻¹ aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L⁻¹COD, 0.84 mg·L⁻¹ ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g⁻¹VSS, 38.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS and 90.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

Interaction and independence on methane oxidation of landfill cover soil among three impact factors: water, oxygen and ammonium

To understand the influence patterns and interactions of three important environmental factors, i.e. soil water content, oxygen concentration, and ammonium addition, on methane oxidation, the soils from landfill cover layers were incubated under full factorial parameter settings. In addition to the methane oxidation rate, the quantities and community structures of methanotrophs were analyzed to determine the methane oxidation capacity of the soils. Canonical correspondence analysis was utilized to distinguish the important impact factors. Water content was found to be the most important factor influencing the methane oxidation rate and Type II methanotrophs, and the optimum value was 15% (w/w), which induced methane oxidation rates 10- and 6- times greater than those observed at 5% (w/w) and 20% (w/w), respectively. Ambient oxygen conditions were more suitable for methane oxidation than 3% oxygen. The addition of 100 mg-N·kg_drysoil⁻¹ of ammonium induced different effects on methane oxidation capacity when conducted at low or high water content. With regard to the methanotrophs, Type II was sensitive to the changes of water content, while Type I was influenced by oxygen content. Furthermore, the methanotrophic acidophile, Verrucomicrobia, was detected in soils with a pH of 4.9, which extended their known living environments.     

火山泥石流研究回顾

本文简要回顾了火山泥石流的研究历史,介绍了近年来这一领域的相关研究情况.主要内容包括火山泥石流的概念,形成机制及特征研究,火山泥石流的评估,火山泥石流的数学模型及数值模拟等.在论述这一领域相关研究进展的同时,对有关研究内容进行了评述和讨论,并对今后的研究工作提出了一些建议.     

用溴化容量法测定间甲酚的含量

探讨了间甲酚含量的容量分析方法。通过试验确定了利用溴化容量法测定间甲酚含量的最佳分析条件：反应温度为18～30℃、溴化反应时间为8～10min、溴化反应的酸度为1．0～1．5mol／L、溴过量50％～100％。此法简便快速,精密度好,准确度高,对高浓度和低浓度的试样均能获得满意的结果,检出下限为0.5％(5mg／L)。     

水生植物对面源污水净化效率研究

于自然条件下研究了慈茹、菱白等7种水生植物对面源污水的净化率。结果表明,7种试验植物对水体中N、P均有很高的净化率,其中以慈茹和菱白的综合净化率为最高。由于不同植物对N、P的净化率不同,所以多种植物配置可提高植物对面源污水的综合净化率。     

不同环境条件下聚羟基烷酸(PHAs)薄膜生物降解性研究

采用不同形态的PHAs薄膜（聚β－羟基丁酸（PHB）及β－羟基丁酸与β－羟基戊酸的共聚物（PHBV）膜）,在各种环境（如土壤和水体）的不同条件下,对膜的生物降解性进行了研究,并对其降解机制作了初步探讨。结果表明：PHAs膜具有生物降解性,在无菌条件下不能被降解;在不同的环境中,如不同土壤和水体,PHAs膜的降解情况不同;不同的条件,如pH、温度,对环境中PHAs膜的降解率有着不同的影响;PHB膜的生物降解速度比PHBV膜快;PHAs膜的厚度对其降解能力有很大影响。     

污水污泥低温热解处理技术研究

污水污泥低温热解是一种发展中的能量回收型污泥热化学处理技术。本研究对此过程进行了间歇实验研究,取得了最高能量回收率时的反应条件。以此为基础并结合文献数据,讨论了过程的能量平衡影响因素和经济估算问题。结果表明,最优反应条件为：反应温度270℃,停留时间30min;全过程能量平衡主要受脱水泥饼含水率影响,临界含水率78%;过程处理成本低于焚烧法。     

污水厂污泥低温热化学转化过程机理研究

污水厂污泥低温热化学转化是可望达到能量平衡的污泥处理新技术。借助污泥与其转化产物的元素分析、污泥的热重分析和衍生油的GC/MS分析等手段,对该转化反应过程的元素转移、转化特征温度和反应机理进行了研究。认为过程的主要反应是脂肪族化合物的蒸发、蛋白质肽键断裂和基团转移反应,参与反应的主要成份是脂肪族化合物和蛋白质,其中前者参与反应的温度低于后者,而糖类化合物参与反应的温度最高。     

大港地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃分布及污染源识别的研究

多环芳烃（PAHs）是一类对人体危害较大的有机污染物。目前对大气环境中PAHs来源识别技术还处于探索与发展阶段。为了解天津大港油田地区大气环境中PAHs污染状况与来源,对天津市大港地区大气颗粒物中10种PAHs分布及污染源开展了调查。结果表明：大港地区10种PAHs总浓度平均为169ng/m3,比市区对照点的465ng/m³低63.7％,其中苯并（a）芘（BaP）平均浓度为13.6ng/m³,比市区对照点的41.1ng/m³低66.9％。实验结果经统计处理发现BaP浓度与其它9种PAHs浓度存在一定的相关性,相关系数均在0.60以上。利用比值法进行源识别得出：大港石化区PAHs主要来源为燃煤污染;而大港油田区PAHs主要来源为燃油污染。